Cited by 1,604Behavioral Health and InterventionsMedia Influence and HealthHealth and Wellbeing Research

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior

Carpenter, Christopher J.·2010·Health Communication

DOI 10.1080/10410236.2010.521906

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Abstract

The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.

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Background
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Funnell, E. L., Martin-Key, N. A., Benáček, J., Spadaro, B., & Bahn, S. (2024) · npj Women s Health · doi:10.1038/s44294-024-00014-2 · Cited by 7
“Perceived barriers being identi ﬁ ed as highly important to behavioural intentionin the current study isin-line withthe results of a meta-analysisof the effectiveness of the four core constructs of the HBM (i.e., excluding cues to action and self-ef ﬁ cacy 40 ).”
Influential
Motivation in the age of genomics: why genetic findings of disease susceptibility might not motivate behavior change
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Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions
Matthews, L., & Simpson, S. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.022 · Cited by 8
Perceived Threat of Infertility and Women’s Intention to Anticipate Childbearing: The Mediating Role of Personally Perceived Barriers and Facilitators
Pedro, J., Brandão, T., Fernandes, J., Barros, A., Xavier, P. A. F., Schmidt, L., Costa, M. E., & Martins, M. V. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09743-3 · Cited by 7
“…perceived barriers have been found to negatively impact the undertaking of preventive oral care behaviors (Buglar, White, & Robinson, 2010), healthy eating behaviors (Orji, Vassileva, & Mandryk, 2012) and health behaviors in general (Carpenter, 2010; Von Ah, Ebert, Ngamvitroj, Park, & Kang, 2004).”
Background
How beauty product use links to Black Lives Matter: Examining the influence of beliefs of health threats on behaviour
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Structure of anxiety and stress as factors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance
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“In order to develop more effective scientific communications, further research is required to specific the specific features of scientific (e.g., Kraft et al., 2015) and medical explanations (Carpenter, 2010; Park et al., 2020) that make them persuasive.”
Background
Health Beliefs Linked to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use Intention Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan
Huang, S.-T., Huang, J., & Chu, J.-H. (2021) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2021.0146 · Cited by 7
How health-related messaging increase intentions to download and use mobile contact (COVID-19) tracing apps: Preliminary findings
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“…are more likely to take actions proactively to prevent contracting a disease when they perceive that failure to take action can make them more susceptible to the disease (perceived vulnerability) or can result in severe consequences (perceived severity; Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock et al., 1988).”
Background
Explaining interpersonal differences in COVID-19 disease prevention behavior based on the health belief model and collective resilience theory: a cross-sectional study from Bolivia
Torrico, B. C. H., & Frank, B. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13068-1 · Cited by 8
“As Rosenstock’s [15] descriptions of cues are less developed, most studies on the health belief model exclude this variable [22, 33].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
‘From cover-up to catastrophe:’ how the anti-vaccine propaganda documentary ‘Vaxxed’ impacted student perceptions and intentions about MMR vaccination
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“When people perceive they are more susceptible to health problems, they are more likely to engage in a health-protective behavior [13, 59].”
Background
Parents’ intention to have their child vaccinated at a community pharmacy: A national cross-sectional survey
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“In addition to its well-established use in health and healthcare research (Carpenter, 2010), HBM has been employed in a number of travel and tourism studies to explain and predict tourists ’ travel-health behaviors (Bae and Chang, 2020; Ban and Kim, 2020; Cahyanto et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020).”
Background
Can social marketing undo the COVID-19 infodemic? Predicting consumer preventive health behavior in the marginalized communities in Zimbabwe
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“…behavior and behavioral change providing relevant constructs for the development of evidence-based practices for HCPs), the Health Belief Model 35,36 (which describes predictors of health-related behaviors), and the 5C model 37 (which describes psychological antecedents of vaccination behaviors…”
Background
Nitrous Oxide Inhalant Abuse: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Italian Physicians (2023)
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“…was therefore designed through an extensive review of the medical literature [1–3, 12, 13, 20, 28, Risk perception: According to the original report from Yates [49], perceived risk can be deﬁned by the perceived probability of a certain event (F) and the expected consequences of that event (C).”
Background
Predictors of Tetanus–Diphtheria– Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Among Adults Receiving Tetanus Vaccine in the United States
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Career-Planning Beliefs as Predictors of Intentions to Seek Career Counseling
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“As for the effect of perceived problem severity on intentions to seek help, the evidence was equivocal, although generally positively, in its relation to help seeking (e.g., Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Information-Seeking Among Pregnant Women: A Mixed Method Approach
Das, A. (2013) · Cited by 7
Effect of Oral Health Beliefs and the Moderating Effect of Parents’ Oral Health Behavior on Oral Health Promotion Behavior among Adolescents
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Health beliefs as a key determinant of intent to use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) among high-school football players: implications for prevention
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“Also in agreement with Carpenter (2010), severity of AAS effects figured more prominently and with clearer longitudinal effects in our model than did susceptibility to effects.”
Background
Anti-Stigma HIV-Related Social Advertising: No Evidence for Side Effects on Condom Use
Arendt, F., Hauck, P., Mayr, J., & Negwer, F. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1384435 · Cited by 7
“According to the Health Belief Model (Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock, 1966), the perceived threat of a given (unhealthy) behavior depends on perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness: Individuals who perceive a health problem as serious are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors.”
Background
Testing the Health Belief Model among African-American Gay/Bisexual Men with Self-Efficacy and Minority-Specific Contextual Variables
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“Th is fi nding is consistent with previous research on the benefi ts/barriers dimension of the HBM (e.g., Bakker et al., 1997; Carpenter, 2010).”
Result
"You Come Back to the Same Ole Shit:" A Qualitative Study of Smoking Cessation Barriers among Women Living with HIV: Implications for Intervention Development.
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Testing a susceptibility threshold for risk promotion messages in the shark diving context
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“In two of the major theories of health risk messages, the health belief model (HBM; Becker 1974; see Carpenter 2010 for a review) and the extended parallel processing model (EPPM, Witte 1992; Maloney, Lapinski, and Witte 2011) perceived threat is comprised of two key dimensions: perceived severity…”
Background
Where do the conceptual models for behaviour change come from, and how are they used? A critical and constructive appraisal
André, N., & Laurencelle, L. (2020) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.16.1.p001 · Cited by 7
“De Bruijn et al. (2014) by extending Ajzen’s TPB (Ajzen, 1991) to ‘action control theory and automaticity’.”
Background
Health belief model factors as predictors of parental misclassification of the weight of the preschool child
Woods, T., & Nies, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252981 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, this study examined severity, benefits, and barriers from the HBM as these have been deemed the most influential moderators [13].”
Background
Motivational Interviewing Interventions
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“Examples of these theories and models include the theory of planned behavior, protection motivation theory, the integrated behavioral model for WASH (IBM-WASH), the health belief model, and the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation (RANAS) model (Ajzen, 1985; Carpenter, 2010; Dreibelbis et al., 2013;…”
Background
Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns
Bonfadelli, H. (2022) · Science Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17 · Cited by 7
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Nofal, M. R., Halim, N., Le, B. N., Sabin, L. L., Williams, A. L., Bonawitz, R., Nguyen, H. T. H., Nguyen, T., & Gill, C. J. (2018) · Global Health: Science and Practice Journal · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00298 · Cited by 7
“12,13 Also, the model talks about cues to action, which are referred to as those factors that serve to stimulate or prompt behaviors.”
Background
Effects of Expanding Health Screening on Treatment - What Should We Expect? What Can We Learn?
Myerson, R. M., Lakdawalla, D. N., Colantonio, L. D., Safford, M. M., & Meltzer, D. O. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24347 · Cited by 6
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Authors: Carpenter, C. J.
Affiliations: Western Illinois University (US)
Corresponding author: Carpenter, Christopher J.
ORCID: Carpenter, Christopher J.
Venue: Health Communication
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-11-30
Volume: 25
Issue: 8
Pages: 661-669
ISSN: 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
1532-7027
DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
OpenAlex: W2102635611
Cited by: 1,604
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 2.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Communication (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
Keywords: Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
MeSH terms: Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior

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