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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
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Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
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Cites
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BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among health professions students in Vietnam
Le, C. N., Nguyen, U. T. T., & Hoang, D. T. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13236-3 · Cited by 25
“Self-efficacy is rarely included in studies on the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior [21].”
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“Nonetheless, perceived barrier shows a significant effect in the final integrative model, possibly due to the strong correlation between perceived barrier and health protective behaviors (42).”
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“According to the HBM, perceived benefits are one of four primary drivers of healthrelated behavior (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundDeveloping Behavior Change Interventions
Hankonen, N. E., & Hardeman, W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.021 · Cited by 28
Sherbuk, J. E., Tabackman, A., McManus, K. A., Knick, T. K., Schexnayder, J. K., Flickinger, T., & Dillingham, R. (2020) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00409-9 · Cited by 24
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“…and meta-analysis studies have revealed that higher levels in perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and selfefficacy are associated with more preventive behavior practices, while a higher level in perceived barriers is associated with less practices (Carpenter, 2010; Sim et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAshoori, F., Karimi, M., Mokarami, H., & Seif, M. (2020) · Pediatric Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pdj.2019.12.001 · Cited by 23
Barattucci, M., Chirico, A., Kuvačić, G., & Giorgio, A. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, in line with our hypotheses, emotions fully mediated the relation among risk cognition, complaint, and information search behavior (Champion and Skinner, 2008; Carpenter, 2010; Jung et al., 2015).”
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“This factor refers to either exterior or interior motivation (Boazar, Abdeshahi, and Yazdanpanah 2020; Carpenter 2010; Straub and Leahy 2014; Tajeri Moghadam et al. 2020), or familiarity with influences that encourage action.”
BackgroundA theoretical model of college students’ sleep quality and health-related quality of life
Alamir, Y. A., Zullig, K. J., Kristjánsson, Á. L., Wen, S., Misra, R., & Montgomery‐Downs, H. E. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00348-9 · Cited by 27
“Perceived severity has been consistently found to be the most significant predictor of HBM (Carpenter, 2010; Glanz et al., 2008; Knowlden & Sharma, 2014).”
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“A metaanalysis showed that the health belief model applies to many types of behavior across populations (20).”
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Wiesjahn, M., Jung, E., Lamster, F., Rief, W., & Lincoln, T. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/341545 · Cited by 23
“With a differentiated and systematic assessment of possible predictors, attitudes towards medication, and medication adherence we investigated a process model derived from the HBM.”
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Rothman, A. J., Klein, W. M. P., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.020 · Cited by 26
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“…Valdesolo, & Kassam, 2015; Sweeny, 2008), relational processes (e.g., Elwyn et al., 2014; Hibbard, Stockard, Mahoney, & Tusler, 2004; Ng et al., 2012), and cognitive/rationalistic processes (e.g., Carpenter, 2010; Fishbein, 2008) implicated in health behaviors, and provided an overarching frame.”
Kauer, S., Buhagiar, K., & Sanci, L. (2017) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2016.1237856 · Cited by 22
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“Our review further demonstrated how such beliefs and perceptions were mostly strong predictors of DFCBs, except for perceived severity (which yielded mixed findings); this observation corroborates with the literature (Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Becker, 1984).”
ResultCancer Fatalism in the Information Age: A Meta-Analysis of Communicative and Behavioral Correlates
Chen, M., & Kim, H. K. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231205735 · Cited by 24
“The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1974) has frequently been applied to explain or predict health behaviors (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundConsumer behavior toward plant-based foods: a theoretical review, synthesis and conceptual framework
Matharu, G. K., von der Heidt, T., & Sorwar, G. (2024) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-06-2023-0555 · Cited by 22
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“Respondents with impaired health may have a higher motivation to engage in behaviors that will restore their health or prevent it from worsening, making them more willing to change to a more plant-based diet than healthy respondents (Carpenter, 2010; Milfont et al., 2021; Satia et al., 2001).”
Social Health Content and Activity on Facebook
Roundtree, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Technical Writing and Communication · doi:10.1177/0047281616641925 · Cited by 24
“Time lapses, for example, afford more opportunity for cues to action to alter patient perception of their susceptibility, condition severity, and treatment benefits (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundAbakporo, U., Hussein, A., Begun, J. W., & Shippee, T. P. (2017) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0642-0 · Cited by 22
Bates, B. R., Villacís, A. G., Mendez-Trivino, A. M., Mendoza, L. E., & Grijalva, M. J. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007987 · Cited by 21
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“These results are unexpected as perceived benefits have been consistently found to have a strong positive influence on the likelihood of performing health-related actions [27].”
ResultWu, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., & Yu-Buck, G. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126314 · Cited by 22
“Threat appraisal refers to the beliefs about the severity and susceptibility of the health threat to the given person, which concerns the health threat’s nature, its seriousness, and the propensity of it eventuating to affect the individual [26,34].”
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“…models used in health promotion and disease prevention research and interventions, contributing considerably to understanding the determinants of health-related behaviors, such as the acceptance of preventive health services and adherence to treatment (Carpenter, 2010; Champion & Skinner, 2008).”
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“COVID-19 is a context where people’s attitudes towards the disease strongly influence how they feel and behave and add to a large body of literature on how the Health Belief Model can be used to understand health behaviors [88,89].”
BackgroundExploring the first steps of retirement engagement: a conceptual model and field evidence
Eberhardt, W., Post, T., Hoet, C., & Brüggen, E. C. (2022) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-11-2020-0402 · Cited by 26
Mechatronics: A Study on Its Scientific Constitution and Association with Innovative Products
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No decision about me without me: concordance operationalised
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“Although the links between these models and subsequent behaviour is not clear (Carpenter 2010), there is little doubt that understanding someone’s health beliefs enables more collaborative discussion and improves insight into the reasons people may or may not follow an agreed treatment plan.”
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“This is important because, compared to other HBM components, benefits and barriers are particularly strong predictors of health behaviors (Carpenter, 2010), and barriers to prevention are significant predictors of UV-related behaviors (Cody & Lee, 1990).”
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“However perceived threat of negative health outcomes has been shown to be only a weak predictor of health behavior (Carpenter, 2010) and receiving information about familial risk of chronic disease does not necessarily increase motivation to engage in risk-reducing behaviors (Prichard et al.”
BackgroundIt’s My Time: applying the health belief model to prevent cervical cancer among college-age women
Sundstrom, B. L., Brandt, H. M., Gray, L. C., & Pierce, J. Y. (2018) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/jcom-06-2016-0044 · Cited by 22
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Imagery, Visualization, and Mental Simulation Interventions
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Changing Behavior Using the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation
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BackgroundEfficacy Beliefs in Physical Activity Settings
Jackson, B., Beauchamp, M. R., & Dimmock, J. A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch4 · Cited by 24
Influence of Food Environments on Dietary Habits: Insights from a Quasi-Experimental Research
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“This belief may motivate individuals to make healthy choices, thereby helping them to make positive changes in their health behaviors and improve their overall health [49].”
BackgroundZhang, W., Huang, W., Hu, C., Yuan, Y., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1683468 · Cited by 29
“The Health Belief Model further underscores how crucial it is for individuals to perceive health threats and recognize the benefits of health behaviors in shaping their behavioral choices (93).”
Graziano, R. C., & Elbogen, E. B. (2017) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000169 · Cited by 28
“The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the most commonly used models to conceptualize what factors are relevant to a patient when he or she decides to engage in a health promoting behavior (Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Becker, 1984; Rosenstock, Stretcher, & Becker, 1988).”
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“The health belief model (HBM) essentially explains the relationships between both internal and external health beliefs and health behaviors (or intentions), whereas such generalized connections are well documented in the TRA and its extension, namely, the TPB.”
BackgroundInfluentialHealth belief model and behavioural practice of urban poor towards COVID-19 in Nigeria
Adesina, E., Oyero, O. S., Amodu, L. O., Amoo, E. O., Oyesomi, K., Adeyeye, B., & Yartey, D. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08037 · Cited by 27
“This was however not considered in this study because as observed by Carpenter (2010) in actuality, self-efficacy is rarely included in HBM studies.”
A framework for preventive health marketing
Yap, S. F., Lim, W. M., Gaur, S. S., & Lim, P. Y. (2021) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2021.2013933 · Cited by 21
“…to preventive health behavior (Calvocoressi et al., 2004; Farquharson et al., 2004; Janz & Becker, 1984; Jones et al., 2014), with the meta-analysis by Carpenter (2010) revealing that both perceived benefits and barriers are consistently found to be the strongest predictors of pro-health behavior.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGarrison, A., Karlsson, L. C., Fressard, L., Fasce, A., Rodrigues, F. M. P., Schmid, P., Taubert, F., Holford, D. L., Lewandowsky, S., Nynäs, P., et al. (2023) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2242479 · Cited by 21
“…Health Belief Model (HBM), particularly its central hypothesis that adoption of preventive behaviors depends on their risk and benefit perceptions [24,25] as well as the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a synthesis of several theories of behavior and behavior change relevant to…”
BackgroundAgyemang‐Duah, W., & Rosenberg, M. W. (2023) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01200-5 · Cited by 23
“Hence, having a higher self-efficacy enables individuals to have a higher likelihood of performing health-related behaviour [68, 91].”
BackgroundSexually transmitted infection risk perception among female college students
Hickey, M. T., & Cleland, C. (2012) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00791.x · Cited by 21
“(b) the perception of the severity of the negative outcome; (c) benefits of the preventive behavior in relation to the potential negative outcome; and (d) barriers and perceived barriers to implementing the protective behavior (Carpenter, 2010; Downing-Matibag & Geisinger, 2009) .”
BackgroundPerceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Health Behavior Change Among Veteran Cancer Survivors
Beehler, G. P., Rodrigues, A. E., Kay, M. A., Kiviniemi, M. T., & Steinbrenner, L. M. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00027 · Cited by 21
Antimicrobial Stewardship: The Role of the Patient
Ewers, T., Knobloch, M. J., & Safdar, N. (2017) · Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease · doi:10.1007/s40506-017-0106-z · Cited by 21
Using a Media Campaign to Increase Engagement With a Mobile-Based Youth Smoking Cessation Program
Sanders, A. E., Robinson, C. D., Taylor, S. C., Post, S., Goldfarb, J., Shi, R., Hunt, Y. M., & Augustson, E. M. (2017) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117117728608 · Cited by 21
Disclosure of cardiac variants of uncertain significance results in an exome cohort
Lawal, T. A., Lewis, K. L., Johnston, J. J., Heidlebaugh, A. R., Ng, D., Gaston‐Johansson, F., Klein, W. M. P., Biesecker, B. B., & Biesecker, L. G. (2018) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.13220 · Cited by 21
“could longitudinally predict behavior showed that perceived benefits are stronger predictors of behavior than perceived risk and severity.(34) LAWAL ET AL.”
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Boletsis, C., Halvorsrud, R., Pickering, B., Phillips, S., & Surridge, M. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP) · doi:10.5220/0010332902660274 · Cited by 26
“This corresponds well with constructs in the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Carpenter, 2010; Champion and Skinner, 2008).”
MethodGehlert, S. J., & Ward, T. S. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119420743.ch7 · Cited by 24
Factors Influencing Players’ Susceptibility to Social Engineering in Social Gaming Networks
Alturki, A., Alshwihi, N., & Algarni, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995619 · Cited by 20
“While cues to action may be important, to date there have been few studies focusing on this topic [30].”
BackgroundEngagement of Stakeholders in the Design, Evaluation, and Implementation of Complex Interventions
Hudson, J. L., Moon, Z., Hughes, L. D., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.024 · Cited by 20
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“Due to the difficulty in directly assessing cues to action, because they may be quite fleeting or difficult to remember retrospectively, this tenet of the Health Belief Model has been less researched than other variables in the model [5, 8].”
Wang, Q., Xie, L., Song, B., Di, J., Wang, L., & Mo, P. K. H. (2021) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/28183 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, information about the pandemic might change an individual’s perceived susceptibility and perceived harm of the disease [36,37].”
Coman, I. A., Xu, S., & Yamamoto, M. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221136113 · Cited by 20
“Perceived barriers are among the most powerful predictors of health behaviors.(14) While studies on HBM tend to treat barriers as a single variable, this conceptual approach may miss important facets social groups uniquely experience.”
BackgroundKaur, A., Kumar, V., & Kaushik, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2023.2174415 · Cited by 20
“Aliabadi, Gholamrezai, and Ataei (2020), Rezaei, Mianaji, and Ganjloo (2018), and Carpenter (2010) had similar findings.”
BackgroundResultXu, X., Lin, C. A., & Chen, H. (2023) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470231207611 · Cited by 22
“Other HBM concepts will not be examined in this study, as the empirical literature has shown mixed results for their ability to predict the adoption of health protection action (Zampetakis & Melas, 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of Oral Health Behaviors in Female Students: An Application of the Health Belief Model
Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F., Rahnama, P., Fesharaki, M. G., & Behnood, V. (2016) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.24747 · Cited by 20
“The perceived barriers are the most important and strongest determinants of the HBM dimensions across the various study designs and behaviors (28, 29).”
BackgroundLi, F., Zhou, D., Chen, Y., Yu, Y., Gao, N., Peng, J., & Wang, S. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234774 · Cited by 20
“This is consistent with the findings of HBM theory in the study of other diseases [19,20].”
BackgroundResultFrom mandatory to voluntary vaccination: intention to vaccinate in the case of policy changes
Vrdelja, M., Učakar, V., & Kraigher, A. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.10.026 · Cited by 20
Promoting drug abuse preventive behaviors in adolescent students based on the health belief model
Fadaei, M. H., Farokhzadian, J., Miri, S., & Goojani, R. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2019-0170 · Cited by 20
Uri Gneezy, B., Kajackaite, A., & Meier, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.036 · Cited by 20
Opportunities for Mobile App–Based Adherence Support for Children With Tuberculosis in South Africa
Morse, R. M., Myburgh, H., Reubi, D., Archey, A. E., Busakwe, L., Garcia‐Prats, A. J., Hesseling, A. C., Jacobs, S., Mbaba, S., Meyerson, K., et al. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/19154 · Cited by 20
“Robust evidence supporting the use of mobile apps and mobile app features that use behavioral strategies is limited [3-5]; however, their foundational principles have been evaluated extensively in relation to a large variety of health behaviors in many settings across the world [27,28] and have been shown to be suppor…”
BackgroundPati, S., Mishra, N., Panda, M., Pyne, S., Nallala, S., & Pati, S. (2017) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/2249-4863.222028 · Cited by 20
“Although some find the HBM to be outdated, the original constructs and concepts can still be considered in gaining insight into decision‐making regarding sexual behaviors and risk‐taking.[11,12]”
BackgroundWalton, A. A., Nageotte, N. L., Heimlich, J. E., & Threadgill, A. V. (2022) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21704 · Cited by 24
“The theory suggests that the stronger an individual's perceived severity of a negative outcome is, along with the perception that barriers to performing the new behavior are low, the more likely they are to develop self‐efficacy to engage in the new behavior (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundZhang, A., Wang, J., Wan, X., Zhang, Z., Zhao, S., Bai, S., Miao, Y., Yang, S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/60227 · Cited by 19
Patient perceptions of chlorhexidine bathing: A pilot study using the health belief model
Caya, T., Knobloch, M. J., Musuuza, J., Wilhelmson, E., & Safdar, N. (2018) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.010 · Cited by 19
Mobile Health Apps and Health Management Behaviors: Cost-Benefit Modeling Analysis
Mano, R. S. (2020) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/21251 · Cited by 20
“Overall, the HE and HBM models [60], and to some extent SDH [33], assume that rational health management behaviors emerge when individuals develop empowering attitudes regarding a health concern.”
BackgroundGuan, M., & So, J. (2020) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1878310 · Cited by 19
“…susceptibility and severity reflect distinct conceptual dimensions of risk perception (Rosenstock, 1966; Witte, 1992; Yates & Stone, 1992), have varying effects on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors (Carpenter, 2010), and correspond with different core relational themes of emotions (So, 2013).”
BackgroundZhang, Z., Ai-tian, Y., & Bian, Y. (2021) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s312806 · Cited by 19
Begum, M., Masud, M. M., Alam, L., Mokhtar, M., & Amir, A. A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114001 · Cited by 26
Brenner, A. T., Ko, L. K., Janz, N. K., Gupta, S., & Inadomi, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2015.0075 · Cited by 19
Liao, Q., Lam, W., Cowling, B. J., & Fielding, R. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9551-1 · Cited by 19
조성은, Shin, H., 유선욱, & 노형신 (2012) · Journal of Public Relations · doi:10.15814/jpr.2012.16.1.148 · Cited by 19
Three Pink Decades: Breast Cancer Coverage in Magazine Advertisements
AbiGhannam, N., Chilek, L. A., & Koh, H. E. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1278496 · Cited by 19
“Finally, the cues to action provide the impetus to action (Janz & Becker, 1984) and are important to guiding behavior over time (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe SPUR Model: A Framework for Considering Patient Behavior
Dolgin, K. (2020) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s237778 · Cited by 19
“This model has been veri fi ed in more recent studies, 25 but it does not address the non-cognitive components of patient behavior, such as medication costs.”
BackgroundHung, W.-S., Hu, S. C., Hsu, Y.-C., Chen, K.-L., Chen, K.-H., Yu, M., & Chen, K. (2013) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.07.001 · Cited by 18
“The socio-demographic characteristics of individuals can influence their attitude and indirectly affect health-related behavior [18].”
BackgroundColor It Real: A Program to Increase Condom Use and Reduce Substance Abuse and Perceived Stress
Zellner, T., Trotter, J. C., Lenoir, S., Walston, K., Men-Na'a, L., Akintobi, T. H., & Miller, A. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010051 · Cited by 19
“The theories that link program activities of the Color It Real Program and expected outcomes are the Self-efficacy Model [26,27], the Theory of Change Model [28,29], and the Health Belief Model [30].”
MethodHickey, M. T., & White, J. H. (2014) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2014.09.008 · Cited by 19
“Their decisions to use EC correspond to the third construct, benefits of the preventive behavior in relation to the potential negative outcome, as shown by their use of EC [18,19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIneffective Health Management in People With Heart Failure: A Pilot Study
Carneiro, C. D. S., Lopes, C. T., Lopes, J. D. L., Santos, V. B., Bachion, M. M., & de Barros, A. L. B. L. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Knowledge · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12142 · Cited by 18
“The operational definition would be the following: The person verbalizes that a given disease has not brought a risk to health or life, or brings little threat to health or life (Carpenter, 2010; Janz & Marshall, 1984; Rosenstock, 1974).”
Gender differences in self‐reported family history of cancer: A review and secondary data analysis
Sieverding, M., Arbogast, A. L., Zintel, S., & von Wagner, C. (2020) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3405 · Cited by 18
Cho, S., & Lee, E. (2021) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2021.27.1.48 · Cited by 18
“The health belief model posits that a “cue to action” is necessary to prompt engagement in health behaviors [22].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
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