Cited by 173Smoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Etiology, animal models, epidemiology, and significance: A subjective review

Hughes, John·2007·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

DOI 10.1080/14622200701188927

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Abstract

This article updates a 1990 review of the effects of tobacco abstinence by reviewing (a) the etiology, (b) animal models, (c) the epidemiology, and (d) the clinical significance of tobacco abstinence effects. The author searched several databases to locate more than 3,500 citations on tobacco abstinence effects between 1990 and 2004. For brevity, the review does not evaluate these effects in regard to craving, hunger, or performance. Data collection and study conclusions were based on the author's subjective judgment. The most validated etiological model suggests that withdrawal is related to decreased dopaminergic activity, but how this relates to nicotine receptor changes is unclear. The two most validated animal models describe increases in intracranial self-stimulation thresholds or observable physical signs. Significant withdrawal symptoms occur in at least half of smokers when they try to quit. Withdrawal appears to produce clinically significant distress and impairment. Increases in depression after abstinence, but not other symptoms, prospectively predict relapse. In conclusion, the proposed neurobiological mechanisms by which withdrawal occurs leave several unanswered questions. Although animal models have been developed, how well they mimic withdrawal in humans is unclear. Tobacco withdrawal is common and can be distressing. Withdrawal-induced depression appears to undermine the smoker's ability to remain abstinent.

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Authors: Hughes, J.
Affiliations: University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author: Hughes, John
Venue: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2007-03
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 329-339
ISSN: 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1080/14622200701188927
OpenAlex: W2100829515
Semantic Scholar: b62e71eeaaa699df395760582dbbf7df27b7e55e
Cited by: 173
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 8.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00490)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: smoking abstinence, nicotine withdrawal, smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms, depression, relapse, dopaminergic activity, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, intracranial self-stimulation
MeSH terms: Animals, Mental Disorders, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Nicotine, Research Design, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking Cessation

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Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Etiology, animal models, epidemiology, and significance: A subjective review

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