The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving
Abstract
As firms switch from defined-benefit plans to defined-contribution plans, employees bear more responsibility for making decisions about how much to save. The employees who fail to join the plan or who participate at a very low level appear to be saving at less than the predicted life cycle savings rates. Behavioral explanations for this be-havior stress bounded rationality and self-control and suggest that at least some of the low-saving households are making a mistake and would welcome aid in making decisions about their saving. In this paper, we propose such a prescriptive savings program, called Save More Tomorrow (hereafter, the SMarT program). The essence of the program is straightforward: people commit in advance to allocat-ing a portion of their future salary increases toward retirement savings. We report evidence on the first three implementations of the SMarT program. Our key findings, from the first implementation, which has We are grateful to Brian Tarbox for implementing the Save More Tomorrow plan and for sharing the data with us. We would also like to thank many people at the following
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00122574 · Cited by 15,467
Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting
Laibson, D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555253 · Cited by 6,122
Status quo bias in decision making
Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00055564 · Cited by 5,897
Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261737 · Cited by 3,194
Self-citationMyopia and Inconsistency in Dynamic Utility Maximization
Strotz, R. H. (1955) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2295722 · Cited by 2,834
Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708 · cited 2×
“Modern models of these problems use the concept of hyperbolic discounting (see Ainslie, 1975). Since Strotz’s (1955) early paper, economists have known that intertemporal choices are only time consistent if agents discount exponentially using a discount rate that is constant over time.”
BackgroundAn economic theory of self-control.
Thaler, R. H., & Shefrin, H. M. (1981) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260971 · Cited by 2,203
Self-citationThaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321947001 · Cited by 1,874
Self-citationO'Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355301556365 · Cited by 944
Cited by
The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.52.1.5 · Cited by 4,698
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232491 · Cited by 1,638
Consumers and artificial intelligence: An experiential perspective
Puntoni, S., Reczek, R. W., Giesler, M., & Botti, S. (2021) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242920953847 · Cited by 1,547
Financial Literacy, Financial Education, and Economic Outcomes
Hastings, J. S., Madrian, B. C., & Skimmyhorn, W. L. (2013) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082312-125807 · Cited by 1,041
Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future
Thaler, R. H. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.106.7.1577 · Cited by 799
Self-citationChater, N., & Loewenstein, G. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x22002023 · Cited by 710
Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools
Paluck, E. L., Shepherd, H., & Aronow, P. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113 · Cited by 610
Agnew, J. R., & Szykman, L. R. (2005) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1207/s15427579jpfm0602_2 · Cited by 561
Savings by and for the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda
Karlan, D., Ratan, A. L., & Zinman, J. (2014) · Review of Income and Wealth · doi:10.1111/roiw.12101 · Cited by 548
Asymmetric Paternalism to Improve Health Behaviors
Loewenstein, G., Brennan, T., & Volpp, K. G. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.20.2415 · Cited by 533
When and why defaults influence decisions: a meta-analysis of default effects
JACHIMOWICZ, J. M., DUNCAN, S., WEBER, E. U., & JOHNSON, E. J. (2019) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2018.43 · Cited by 481
Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools
Kozyreva, A., Lewandowsky, S., & Hertwig, R. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620946707 · Cited by 479
Financial literacy, financial advice, and financial behavior
Stolper, O. A., & Walter, A. (2017) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-017-0853-9 · Cited by 471
“Indeed, this approach is promoted by, e.g., Choi et al. (2004) and Thaler and Benartzi (2004) who find that opt-out regimes in 401(k) pension plans result in a large and persistent increase in pension participation rates relative to conventional opt-in arrangements. prepare a detailed transcript of…”
BackgroundA 2-Phase Labeling and Choice Architecture Intervention to Improve Healthy Food and Beverage Choices
Thorndike, A. N., Sonnenberg, L., Riis, J., Barraclough, S., & Levy, D. E. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300391 · Cited by 405
Gomes, F., Haliassos, M., & Ramadorai, T. (2021) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20201461 · Cited by 396
Is Unbiased Financial Advice to Retail Investors Sufficient? Answers from a Large Field Study
Bhattacharya, U., Hackethal, A., Kaesler, S., Loos, B., & Meyer, S. (2012) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhr127 · Cited by 383
Beshears, J., Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.04.010 · Cited by 362
Nudging pro‐environmental behavior: evidence and opportunities
Byerly, H., Balmford, A., Ferraro, P. J., Hammond Wagner, C., Palchak, E., Polasky, S., Ricketts, T. H., Schwartz, A. J., & Fisher, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1777 · Cited by 361
$100 Bills on the Sidewalk: Suboptimal Investment in 401(k) Plans
Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2011) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00100 · Cited by 354
Selling at the Farmgate or Traveling to Market
Fafchamps, M., & Hill, R. V. (2005) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00758.x · Cited by 350
Reinforcement Learning and Savings Behavior
CHOI, J. J., LAIBSON, D., MADRIAN, B. C., & METRICK, A. (2009) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01509.x · Cited by 324
Damgaard, M. T., & Nielsen, H. S. (2018) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.03.008 · Cited by 321
Duflo, E., Gale, W., Liebman, J., Orszag, P., & Saez, E. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.121.4.1311 · Cited by 314
Promoting Healthy Choices: Information versus Convenience
Wisdom, J., Downs, J. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2010) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.2.2.164 · Cited by 304
Keys, B. J., Pope, D. G., & Pope, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.01.031 · Cited by 262
Upgrading Education with Technology: Insights from Experimental Research
Escueta, M., Nickow, A. J., Oreopoulos, P., & Quan, V. (2020) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20191507 · Cited by 205
Student Loan Nudges: Experimental Evidence on Borrowing and Educational Attainment
Marx, B. M., & Turner, L. J. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20180279 · Cited by 129
Mills, G., Gale, W. G., Patterson, R., Engelhardt, G. V., Eriksen, M. D., & Apostolov, E. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.09.014 · Cited by 94
Physical activity counseling in primary care: Insights from public health and behavioral economics
Shuval, K., Leonard, T., Drope, J., Katz, D. L., Patel, A. V., Maitin‐Shepard, M., Amir, O., & Grinstein, A. (2017) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21394 · Cited by 91
“6% over a 40-month time period.(67) In addition, a precommitment contract could be applied by depositing a sum of money to a third party that would be lost or given to charity if predetermined goals are not met.”
BackgroundTechnological Seduction and Self-Radicalization
ALFANO, M., CARTER, J. A., & CHEONG, M. (2018) · Journal of the American Philosophical Association · doi:10.1017/apa.2018.27 · Cited by 89
Could Behavioral Economics Help Improve Diet Quality for Nutrition Assistance Program Participants?
Just, D. R., Mancino, L., & Wansink, B. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e667842007-001 · Cited by 85
The Value of Nothing: Asymmetric Attention to Opportunity Costs Drives Intertemporal Decision Making
Read, D., Olivola, C. Y., & Hardisty, D. J. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2547 · Cited by 83
Creating Exercise Habits Using Incentives: The Trade-off Between Flexibility and Routinization
Beshears, J., Lee, H. N., Milkman, K. L., Mislavsky, R., & Wisdom, J. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3706 · Cited by 58
“Leaving it to chance”—Passive risk taking in everyday life
Keinan, R., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003259 · Cited by 55
Leadership selection: Can changing the default break the glass ceiling?
Erkal, N., Gangadharan, L., & Xiao, E. (2022) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101563 · Cited by 54
Five steps to planning success: experimental evidence from US households
Heinberg, A., Hung, A., Kapteyn, A., Lusardi, A., Samek, A. S., & Yoong, J. (2014) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/gru036 · Cited by 51
Designed to fail: Effects of the default option and information complexity on student loan repayment
Cox, J. C., Kreisman, D., & Dynarski, S. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104298 · Cited by 49
Choice architecture 2.0: Behavioral policy as an implicit social interaction
Krijnen, J. M. T., Tannenbaum, D., & Fox, C. R. (2017) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1353/bsp.2017.0010 · Cited by 46
Barr, A. C., Bird, K. A., & Castleman, B. L. (2019) · Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University · doi:10.26300/gc0r-gv02 · Cited by 42
From Default to Choice: Adding Healthy Options to Kids’ Menus
McCluskey, J. J., Mittelhammer, R. C., & Asiseh, F. (2012) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aar106 · Cited by 23
Status quo bias and attitude towards risk: An experimental investigation
Bekir, I., & Doss, F. (2020) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3140 · Cited by 21
Shealy, T., Klotz, L., Weber, E. U., Johnson, E. J., & Bell, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000692 · Cited by 11
Inertia and discounting in the selection of socially responsible investments
Auger, P., Devinney, T., Dowling, G., & Eckert, C. (2016) · Annals in Social Responsibility · doi:10.1108/asr-07-2016-0006 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S164-S187
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2108946685
- Cited by
- 2,483
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 253.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.