Craniofacial feminization, social tolerance, and the origins of behavioral modernity
Abstract
The past 200,000 years of human cultural evolution have witnessed the persistent establishment of behaviors involving innovation, planning depth, and abstract and symbolic thought, or what has been called “behavioral modernity.” Demographic models based on increased human population density from the late Pleistocene onward have been increasingly invoked to understand the emergence of behavioral modernity. However, high levels of social tolerance, as seen among living humans, are a necessary prerequisite to life at higher population densities and to the kinds of cooperative cultural behaviors essential to these demographic models. Here we provide data on craniofacial feminization (reduction in average brow ridge projection and shortening of the upper facial skeleton) in Homo sapiens from the Middle Pleistocene to recent times. We argue that temporal changes in human craniofacial morphology reflect reductions in average androgen reactivity (lower levels of adult circulating testosterone or reduced androgen receptor densities), which in turn reflect the evolution of enhanced social tolerance since the Middle Pleistocene.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Brow ridges and nasal projections are smaller in anatomically modern humans than in their most closely related extinct relatives.
“Brow ridges and nasal projections are smaller in AMH than in our most closely related (extinct) relatives [21], as are our teeth [22, 23] and our cranial capacity [24].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
Facial width and brow-ridge projection have declined in H. sapiens.
“Facial width and brow-ridge projection have also declined in H. sapiens (Cieri et al., 2014).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
A high degree of cooperation tends to be facilitated by reduced aggression.
“because a high degree of cooperation tends to be facilitated by reduced aggression (Simon, 1990; Melis et al., 2006; Cieri et al., 2014).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
Increasing population density around 200,000 years ago could have been responsible for selection pressures against reactive aggression.
“Cieri et al. (2014) proposed that increasing population density around 200,000 years ago could have been responsible for selection pressures against reactive aggression.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
Female choice of less aggressive males as mates was proposed as a mechanism that could promote self-domestication, because females who choose less aggressive males can benefit by their mates' greater investment in shared parenting effort.
“Female choice of less aggressive males as mates was proposed by Cieri et al. (2014) and Gleeson and Kushnick (2018) as a mechanism that could promote self-domestication, because females who choose less aggressive males can benefit by their mates’ greater investment in shared parenting effort.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
Higher population density could have increased the pressure to exploit resources controlled by other humans, and would have selected for increased social tolerance toward unfamiliar individuals, an extension of social networks, and more sharing of acquired foods.
“They suggested that because higher population density could have increased the pressure to exploit resources controlled by other humans, it would have selected for increased social tolerance toward unfamiliar individuals, an extension of social networks, and more sharing of acquired foods.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
After the selective system had been initiated, there would likely have been a positive feedback loop leading to an accelerating evolution of traits associated with domestication, as the fossil record seems to indicate.
“Thus after the selective system had been initiated, there would likely have been a positive feedback loop leading to an accelerating evolution of traits associated with domestication, as the fossil record seems to indicate (Cieri et al., 2014).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Cieri et al., 2014
The transition from Middle Pleistocene hominins to modern humans was marked by these facial changes and gracilisation of the face.
“The transition from MP hominins to modern humans was marked by these changes and gracilisation of the face 51,52”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
Cites
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882 · see citing works
Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution
Réale, D. J. F., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T., & Dingemanse, N. J. (2007) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x · Cited by 3,587 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution
Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M., & Wilson, A. C. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325031a0 · Cited by 3,100 · see citing works
The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior
Mcbrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 · Cited by 2,718 · see citing works
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(issn)1096-8644 · Cited by 2,704 · see citing works
Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10231 · Cited by 2,590 · see citing works
Tomasello, M. (2009) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8470.001.0001 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
Jones, K. E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S. A., O'Dell, J., Orme, C. D. L., Safi, K., Sechrest, W., Boakes, E. H., Carbone, C., et al. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1494.1 · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
The foraging spectrum: diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-4591 · Cited by 1,599 · see citing works
Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans
Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S., & Gyllensten, U. B. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047064 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Testosterone and dominance in men
Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001228 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Testosterone and human aggression: an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis
Archer, J. E. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.007 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Ratcheting up the ratchet: on the evolution of cumulative culture
Tennie, C., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0052 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism
Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1115455 · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspective
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2003) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Henrich, J. (2004) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/4128416 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia
White, T. D., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D., Gilbert, H., Richards, G. D., Suwa, G., & Clark Howell, F. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01669 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia
McDougall, I., Brown, F. H., & Fleagle, J. G. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03258 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behavior
Powell, A., Shennan, S. J., & Thomas, M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170165 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z. L., Tribolo, C., Duller, G. A. T., Mercier, N., Sealy, J. C., Valladas, H., Watts, I., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067575 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Human-like social skills in dogs?
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene
Marean, C. W., Bar-Matthews, M., Bernatchez, J., Fisher, E., Goldberg, P., Herries, A. I. R., Jacobs, Z., Jerardino, A., Karkanas, P., Minichillo, T., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06204 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol
Lutchmaya, S., Baron‐Cohen, S., Raggatt, P. R., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Manning, J. T. (2004) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Fitness consequences of avian personalities in a fluctuating environment
Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., & Tinbergen, J. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2680 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo.
Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., & Holliday, T. W. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387173a0 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and its relationship to prostate cancer
Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Krithivas, K., Brown, M. A., Brufsky, A., Talcott, J. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Kantoff, P. W. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3320 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure
Hill, K. R., Walker, R. S., Božičević, M., Eder, J., Headland, T., Hewlett, B., Hurtado, A. M., Marlowe, F., Wiessner, P., & Wood, B. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1199071 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Beauty and the beast: mechanisms of sexual selection in humans
Puts, D. A. (2010) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.005 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees
Whiten, A., Horner, V., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04047 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Moral origins: the evolution of virtue, altruism, and shame
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0864 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Evolution of Primate Social Systems
Kappeler, P. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2002) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/a:1015520830318 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
The Origin of Modern Human Behavior: Critique of the Models and Their Test Implications
Henshilwood, C. S., & Marean, C. W. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/377665 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C. S., Vanhaeren, M., & van Niekerk, K. L. (2004) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals
Zilhão, J., Angelucci, D. E., Badal-García, E., d’Errico, F., Daniel, F., Dayet, L., Douka, K., Higham, T. F. G., Martínez-Sánchez, M. J., Montes-Bernárdez, R., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914088107 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
The Genetic Structure of Ancient Human Populations
Harpending, H. C., Sherry, S. T., Rogers, A. R., & Stoneking, M. (1993) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204195 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
(1997) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90621-2 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios
Zheng, Z., & Cohn, M. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1108312108 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The influence of testosterone on human aggression
Archer, J. E. (1991) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02379.x · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Cooperative Breeding and Human Cognitive Evolution
Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20222 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., & Watts, I. (2009) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Human adaptations for the visual assessment of strength and fighting ability from the body and face
Sell, A. N., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Sznycer, D., Rueden, C. R. V., & Gurven, M. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1177 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany
Conard, N. J., Malina, M., & Münzel, S. C. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08169 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
The Upper Paleolithic Revolution
Bar‐Yosef, O. (2002) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085416 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk, K. L., & Jacobs, Z. L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1095905 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Hare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationThornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1993) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02692201 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Revising the human mutation rate: implications for understanding human evolution
Scally, A., & Durbin, R. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3295 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
The mind in the cave: consciousness and the origins of art
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5281 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans
Brown, K. S., Marean, C. W., Herries, A. I. R., Jacobs, Z. L., Tribolo, C., Braun, D. R., Roberts, D. L., Meyer, M. C., & Bernatchez, J. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1175028 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Papers, P. M. (1977) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(77)80073-0 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Shennan, S. J. (2001) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774301000014 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Chimpanzees Recruit the Best Collaborators
Melis, A. P., Hare, B. A., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123007 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Self-citationPaleolithic Population Growth Pulses Evidenced by Small Animal Exploitation
Stiner, M. C., Munro, N. D., Surovell, T. A., Tchernov, E., & Bar‐Yosef, O. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.190 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
On the relation between social dynamics and social learning
Coussi-Korbel, S., & Fragaszy, D. M. (1995) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80001-8 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The Human revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3874 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Bouzouggar, A., Barton, N., Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Collcutt, S. N., Higham, T., Hodge, E. J., Parfitt, S. A., Rhodes, E. J., Schwenninger, J., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703877104 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model
Mellars, P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
The company of strangers: a natural history of economic life
Seabright, P. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-1685 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal
Jacobs, Z. L., Roberts, R. G., Galbraith, R. F., Deacon, H. J., Grün, R., Mackay, A., Mitchell, P. J., Vogelsang, R., & Wadley, L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1162219 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Tolerance Allows Bonobos to Outperform Chimpanzees on a Cooperative Task
Hare, B. A., Melis, A. P., Woods, V. E., Hastings, S., & Wrangham, R. W. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.040 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting group size in primates: foraging costs and predation risks
Janson, C. H., & Goldsmith, M. L. (1995) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/6.3.326 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Chronology of the Later Stone Age and Food Production in East Africa
Ambrose, S. H. (1998) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1006/jasc.1997.0277 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Marean, C. W., Milo, R. G., & Yates, R. (2001) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0515 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Dominance, aggression and testosterone in wild chimpanzees: a test of the ‘challenge hypothesis’
Muller, M. N., & Wrangham, R. W. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.03.013 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children
Wright, B. A., Lombardino, L. J., King, W. M., Puranik, C. S., Leonard, C. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387176a0 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe
Shea, J. J. (2005) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.015 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria
Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Stringer, C. B., James, S. L., Todd, J. A., & Mienis, H. K. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128139 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture
van Schaik, C. P., Deaner, R. O., & Merrill, M. Y. (1999) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0304 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0873 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Facial Structure Is a Reliable Cue of Aggressive Behavior
Carré, J. M., McCormick, C. M., & Mondloch, C. J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02423.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa.
Watson, E. E., Forster, P., Richards, M., & Bandelt, H. (1997) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/515503 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Evaluating face trustworthiness: a model based approach
Todorov, A., Baron, S. G., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn009 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Major Issues in the Emergence of Modern Humans
Mellars, P. (1989) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/203755 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees
Hamann, K., Warneken, F., Greenberg, J. R., & Tomasello, M. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10278 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The Evolution of the Human Head
Lieberman, D. E. (2011) · doi:10.4159/9780674059443 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Clark, J. D., Beyene, Y., WoldeGabriel, G., Hart, W. K., Renne, P. R., Gilbert, H., Defleur, A. R., Suwa, G., Katoh, S., Ludwig, K. R., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01670 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Texier, P.-J., Porraz, G., Parkington, J. E., Rigaud, J.-P., Poggenpoel, C., Miller, C. A., Tribolo, C., Cartwright, C., Coudenneau, A., Klein, R. G., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913047107 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany
Conard, N. J. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07995 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Predator-induced natural selection on temperament in bighorn ewes
Réale, D. J. F., & Festa‐Bianchet, M. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2100 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
The emergence of human uniqueness: Characters underlying behavioral modernity
Hill, K., Barton, M., & Hurtado, A. M. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20224 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development
Gray, J. E., Holroyd, G. H., van der Lee, F. M., Bahrami, A. R., Sijmons, P. C., Woodward, F. I., Schuch, W., & Hetherington, A. M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047071 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans
Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Chen, J. Y. (2004) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.003 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, DISEASE AND MEDICINE
Thornhill, R., & Møller, A. P. (1997) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323197005082 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa
d'Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Barton, N., Bouzouggar, A., Mienis, H., Richter, D., Hublin, J.-J., McPherron, S. P., & Lozouet, P. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903532106 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire
Yellen, J. E., Brooks, A. S., Cornelissen, E., Mehlman, M. J., & Stewart, K. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7725100 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Skull Shapes and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo
Howells, W. W. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins
Klein, R. G. (1995) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/bf02221838 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Peresani, M., Fiore, I., Gala, M., Romandini, M., & Tagliacozzo, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016212108 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors
Higley, J. D., Mehlman, P. T., Poland, R. E., Taub, D. M., Vickers, J. H., Suomi, S. J., & Linnoila, M. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(95)00675-3 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Unity in diversity: Lessons from macaque societies
Thierry, B. (2007) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20147 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia
Mellars, P. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04521 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Social Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication
Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A., Wrangham, R., & Trut, L. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures?
d’Errico, F., & Stringer, C. B. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0340 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1017 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J. L. G., Bos, P. A., Kruijt, A., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011891108 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines [and Comments and Reply]
Beals, K. L., Smith, C. L., Dodd, S. M., Angel, J. L., Armstrong, E., Blumenberg, B., Girgis, F. G., Turkel, S., Gibson, K. R., Henneberg, M., et al. (1984) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/203138 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Population size predicts technological complexity in Oceania
Kline, M. A., & Boyd, R. T. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0452 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review
Forster, P. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1394 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa
Backwell, L., d’Errico, F., & Wadley, L. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Human Evolution Out of Africa: The Role of Refugia and Climate Change
Stewart, J. R., & Stringer, C. B. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215627 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior
Klein, R. G. (2008) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20181 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions
Excoffier, L., & Schneider, S. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10597 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Endstopped neurons in the visual cortex as a substrate for calculating curvature
Dobbins, A. C., Zucker, S. W., & Cynader, M. S. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/329438a0 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age
d’Errico, F., & Henshilwood, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.003 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Higham, T., Basell, L., Jacobi, R. M., Wood, R. E., Ramsey, C. B., & Conard, N. J. (2012) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64 000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Lombard, M., & Phillipson, L. (2010) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00100134 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Why Do Men Hunt?: A Reevaluation of “Man the Hunter” and the Sexual Division of Labor
Gurven, M., & Hill, K. (2009) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/595620 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Male facial appearance signals physical strength to women
Fink, B., Neave, N., & Seydel, H. (2006) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20583 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC AND WILD CANIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
Wayne, R. K. (1986) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art
Conard, N. J. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02186 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Biometric Evidence that Sexual Selection Has Shaped the Hominin Face
Weston, E., Friday, A. E., & Lió, P. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000710 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Horner, V., Whiten, A., Flynn, E., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606015103 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Thornton, A., & Raihani, N. (2008) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.12.014 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Wynn, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2004) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.005 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation.
Wood, B., & Lahr, M. M. (1998) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/3034438 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Long Shadow of Temperament
Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. C. (2009) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv2jfvczc · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Early Use of Pressure Flaking on Lithic Artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa
Mourre, V., Villa, P., & Henshilwood, C. S. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195550 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Brooks, A. S., Helgren, D. M., Cramer, J. S., Franklin, A., Hornyak, W. F., Keating, J. M., Klein, R. G., Rink, W. J., Schwarcz, H. P., Smith, J. N. L., et al. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7725099 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Suwa, G., White, T. D., & Howell, F. C. (1996) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199610)101:2 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Mesotocin and nonapeptide receptors promote estrildid flocking behavior
Goodson, J. L., Schrock, S. E., Klatt, J. D., Kabelik, D., & Kingsbury, M. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174929 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Stone tools and the evolution of human cognition
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-0962 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males
Swaddle, J. P., & Reierson, G. W. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2165 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Mitterœcker, P., Gunz, P., & Bookstein, F. L. (2005) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05027.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Effect of low-dose testosterone treatment on craniofacial growth in boys with delayed puberty
Verdonck, A. (1999) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/21.2.137 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Inhibition of the Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) Transporter Reduces Bone Accrual during Growth
Warden, S. J., Robling, A. G., Sanders, M. S., Bliziotes, M. M., & Turner, C. H. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1259 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Masticatory‐stress hypotheses and the supraorbital region of primates
Hylander, W. L., Johnson, K. R., & Picq, P. G. (1991) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330860102 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The ecology of social transitions in human evolution
Foley, R., & Gamble, C. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0136 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Fitness Correlates of Heritable Variation in Antibody Responsiveness in a Wild Mammal
Graham, A. L., Hayward, A. D., Watt, K., Pilkington, J. G., Pemberton, J. M., & Nussey, D. H. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194878 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C. S., & Nilssen, P. J. (2001) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00060968 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered
Shea, B. T. (1989) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Interactions between the neural regulation of stress and aggression
Summers, C. H., & Winberg, S. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02565 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments
Silk, J. B., & House, B. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100305108 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Presumed Symbolic Use of Diurnal Raptors by Neanderthals
Morin, E., & Laroulandie, V. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032856 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
An Experiment on Fox Domestication and Debatable Issues of Evolution of the Dog
Trut, L. N., Plyusnina, I. Z., & Oskina, I. N. (2004) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:ruge.0000033312.92773.c1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Wrangham (2014) · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105113 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Human domestication reconsidered.
Leach, H. M. (2003) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/368119 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
From hominins to humans: how sapiens became behaviourally modern
Sterelny, K. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0301 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Climatic influences on basal metabolic rates among circumpolar populations
Leonard, W. R., Sorensen, M., Galloway, V. A., Spencer, G. J., Mosher, M. J., Osipova, L. P., & Va, S. (2002) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.10072 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Cultural transmission and the evolution of cooperative behavior
Boyd, R. T., & Richerson, P. J. (1982) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/bf01531189 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Lieberman, D. E. (1995) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204348 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal–to–Modern Human Transition
Mellars, P., & French, J. C. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206930 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa)
Villa, P., Soressi, M., Henshilwood, C. S., & Mourre, V. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.028 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Differential changes in steroid hormones before competition in bonobos and chimpanzees
Wobber, V., Hare, B., Maboto, J., Lipson, S., Wrangham, R., & Ellison, P. T. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007411107 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationPossible shell beads from the Middle Stone Age layers of Sibudu Cave, South Africa
d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., & Wadley, L. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.023 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
POPULATION PRESSURE AND AGRICULTURAL INTENSITY∗
II, B. L. T., HANHAM, R. Q., & PORTARARO, A. V. (1977) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01149.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Mind the gap: tracing the origins of human universals
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-6849 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Klein, R. G. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082025 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Controlling Charge States of Large Ions
Scalf, M., Westphall, M. S., Krause, J., Kaufman, S. L., & Smith, L. M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.194 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Shuey, D. L., Sadler, T. W., & Lauder, J. M. (1992) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/tera.1420460407 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups
Drea, C. M., & Wallen, K. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Capuchin cognitive ecology: cooperation based on projected returns
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Davis, J. M. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00152-5 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Bone Artefacts from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa
Henshilwood, C. S., & Sealy, J. C. (1997) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204678 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Quaternary diversification in European alpine plants: pattern and process
Kadereit, J. W., Griebeler, E. M., & Comes, H. P. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1389 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Military Rank Attainment of a West Point Class: Effects of Cadets' Physical Features
Mazur, A., Mazur, J., & Keating, C. F. (1984) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228050 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Seabright, P. (2010) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400834785 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China
Shen, G. (2002) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0601 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cultural Innovations and Demographic Change
Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R. T., & Bettinger, R. L. (2009) · Human Biology · doi:10.3378/027.081.0306 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
40Ar/39Ar dating of the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya
Deino, A. L., & McBrearty, S. (2002) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0517 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain
(2011) · Developments in quaternary science · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-20675-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Garvin, H. M., & Ruff, C. B. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22036 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Mammalian Domestication and its Effect on Brain Structure and Behavior
Kruska, D. C. T. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70877-0_13 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The question of robusticity and the relationship between cranial size and shape inHomo sapiens
Lahr, M. M. (1996) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0056 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Archaeological shellfish size and later human evolution in Africa
Klein, R. G., & Steele, T. E. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1304750110 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Male facial masculinity influences attributions of personality and reproductive strategy
Kruger, D. J. (2006) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00129.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Decrease of human skull size in the Holocene.
Henneberg, M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A geometric morphometric analysis of heterochrony in the cranium of chimpanzees and bonobos
Lieberman, D. E., Carlo, J., de León, M. S. P., & Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.12.005 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Bats Use Echo Harmonic Structure to Distinguish Their Targets from Background Clutter
Bates, M. E., Simmons, J. A. T., & Zorikov, T. V. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202065 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Intelligence and evolutionary biology
Richards, G. (1989) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(89)90009-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The interrelationships between thyroid dysfunction and hypogonadism in men and boys
Meikle, A. W. (2004) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072504323024552 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Changes in the ‘Connectedness’ and Resilience of Paleolithic Societies in Mediterranean Ecosystems
Stiner, M. C., & Kuhn, S. L. (2006) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-006-9041-1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
van Schaik, C. P., & Pradhan, G. R. (2003) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00041-1 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Davidson, I. M. T., & Noble, W. G. (1992) · Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1992.tb00297.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sexual selection and physical attractiveness
Gangestad, S. W. (1993) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02692200 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Chimpanzee helping in collaborative and noncollaborative contexts
Greenberg, J. R., Hamann, K., Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ultrafast spectroscopy of biological photoreceptors
Kennis, J. T., & Groot, M.-L. (2007) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.09.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphism and human tooth size differences
Brace, C. L., & Ryan, A. S. (1980) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(80)90051-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Munibe : Antropologia - Arkeologia
Poggi, D. (2013) · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Fuentes, A. (2004) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2004.106.4.710 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: The Excavations in Klisoura Cave
Koumouzelis, M., Ginter, B., Kozłowski, J. K., Pawlikowski, M., Bar‐Yosef, O., Albert, R. M., Lityńska−Zając, M., Stworzewicz, E., Wojtal, P., Lipecki, G., et al. (2001) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0599 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Pleistocene Exchange Networks as Evidence for the Evolution of Language
Marwick, B. (2003) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774303000040 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Durrleman, S., Pennec, X., Trouvé, A., Ayache, N., & Braga, J. (2011) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A comparison of temperament in nonhuman apes and human infants
Herrmann, E., Hare, B. A., Cissewski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01082.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationPigments, gravures, parures : les comportements symboliques controversés des Néandertaliens
Soressi, M., & d’Errico, F. (2007) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Langley, M. C., Clarkson, C., & Ulm, S. (2008) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774308000371 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-0938 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Estimating Aggression from Emotionally Neutral Faces: Which Facial Cues are Diagnostic?
Carré, J. M., Morrissey, M. D., Mondloch, C. J., & McCormick, C. M. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6543 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Interdisciplinary perspectives on the origins of the Japanese
国際シンポジウム, 尾本, 恵., & 国際日本文化研究センター (1999) · International Research Center for Japanese Studies eBooks · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Endocrine regulation of craniofacial growth
Pirinen, S. (1995) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016359509005969 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Balcomb, S. R., Chapman, C. A., & Wrangham, R. W. (2000) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200007)51:3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
From Hominoid to Hominid Mind: What Changed and Why?
Hare, B. A. (2010) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145726 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationHill, K. R., & Kintigh, K. (2009) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/597981 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pérez, S. I., Bernal, V., & González, P. (2007) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20633 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sannen, A., Elsacker, L. V., Eens, M., Heistermann, M., & Möhle, U. (2003) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853903322149504 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Structure and mechanism of the Swi2/Snf2 remodeller Mot1 in complex with its substrate TBP
Wollmann, P., Cui, S., Viswanathan, R., Berninghausen, O., Wells, M. N., Moldt, M., Witte, G., Butryn, A., Wendler, P., Beckmann, R., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10215 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shearer, B. M., Sholts, S. B., Garvin, H. M., & Wärmländer, S. K. T. S. (2012) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.013 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
V. Data for the problem of evolution in man.—VI. A first study of the correlation of the human skull
Lee, A. A., & Pearson, K. (1901) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character · doi:10.1098/rsta.1901.0005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bone biodynamics in orthodontic and orthopedic treatment
Carlson, D. S., & Goldstein, S. A. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Experimental studies of early canid domestication.
Ln, T. (2001) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851995205.0015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Booij, L., Tremblay, R. E., Leyton, M., Séguin, J. R., Vitaro, F., Gravel, P., Perreau-Linck, E., Lévesque, M. L., Durand, F., Dikšić, M., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011255 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Meindl, K., Windhager, S., Wallner, B., & Schæfer, K. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2351 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 259 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E. K., Naar, N., Newson, L., et al. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400106x · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Survival of the Friendliest: <i>Homo sapiens</i> Evolved via Selection for Prosociality
Hare, B. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo types of aggression in human evolution.
Wrangham, R. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713611115 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The Evolution and Social Dynamics of Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12176 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Human social organization during the Late Pleistocene: Beyond the nomadic-egalitarian model
Singh, M., & Glowacki, L. (2022) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.07.003 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Gintis, H., van Schaik, C., & Boehm, C. (2015) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/681217 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bonobos respond prosocially toward members of other groups
Tan, J., Ariely, D., & Hare, B. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15320-w · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationMacLean, E. L., Herrmann, E., Suchindran, S., & Hare, B. A. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationUnraveling the evolution of uniquely human cognition
MacLean, E. L. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521270113 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Evaluating the self‐domestication hypothesis of human evolution
Sánchez‐Villagra, M. R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2019) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21777 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?
Shilton, D., Breski, M., Dor, D., & Jablonka, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00134 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self domestication and the evolution of language
Thomas, J., & Kirby, S. (2018) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-018-9612-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The evolutionary history of the human face
Lacruz, R. S., Stringer, C. B., Kimbel, W. H., Wood, B., Harvati, K., O’Higgins, P., Bromage, T. G., & Arsuaga, J.-L. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0865-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Targeted conspiratorial killing, human self-domestication and the evolution of groupishness
Wrangham, R. W. (2021) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.20 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Increasing arousal enhances inhibitory control in calm but not excitable dogs
Bray, E. E., MacLean, E. L., & Hare, B. A. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0901-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationGilbert, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582090 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Supraorbital morphology and social dynamics in human evolution
Godinho, R. M., Spikins, P., & O’Higgins, P. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0528-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Précis of Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking
Heyes, C. M. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18002145 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
From Physical Aggression to Verbal Behavior: Language Evolution and Self-Domestication Feedback Loop
Progovac, L., & Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02807 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Spikins, P., French, J. C., John-Wood, S., & Dytham, C. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09503-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Hare, B. A., Snyder‐Mackler, N., & MacLean, E. L. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01400-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationPurnamasari, Y. M., & Wuryandani, W. (2019) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v4i1.273 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Greetings in male Guinea baboons and the function of rituals in complex social groups
Pesco, F. D., & Fischer, J. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Body Cognition and Self-Domestication in Human Evolution
Bruner, E., & Gleeson, B. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01111 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Globularization and domestication.
Benítez-Burraco, A., Theofanopoulou, C., & Boeckx, C. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-016-9399-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The enduring puzzle of the human chin
Pampush, J. D., & Daegling, D. J. (2016) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21471 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Human Self‐Domestication and the Evolution of Pragmatics
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Ferretti, F., & Progovac, L. (2021) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12987 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Prehistoric Myths in Modern Political Philosophy
Widerquist, K., & Mccall, G. S. (2017) · Edinburgh University Press eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_625284 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gleeson, B. T., & Kushnick, G. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23642 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Progovac, L. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0188 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Secular change of sexually dimorphic cranial variables in Euro-Americans and Germans
Manthey, L., Jantz, R. L., Bohnert, M., & Jellinghaus, K. (2016) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1469-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
DeTroy, S. E., Haun, D. B. M., & van Leeuwen, E. J. C. (2021) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21923 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nelson, E., Hall, J., Randolph-Quinney, P. S., & Sinclair, A. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bergmann, I., Hublin, J., Gunz, P., & Freidline, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103026 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychological Mechanisms Forged by Cultural Evolution
Heyes, C. M. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420917736 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals
Pesco, F. D., & Fischer, J. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0420 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The evolutionary neuroscience of domestication
Hecht, E. E., Barton, S. A., Flattery, C. N. R., & Meza, A. M. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evolutionary and neuroendocrine foundations of human aggression
Sarkar, A., & Wrangham, R. W. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.02.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The biomechanical significance of the frontal sinus in Kabwe 1 (Homo heidelbergensis)
Godinho, R. M., & O’Higgins, P. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Could androgens be relevant to partly explain why men have lower life expectancy than women?
Schooling, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206336 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bone functional adaptation does not erase neutral evolutionary information
Agostini, G., Holt, B. M., & Relethford, J. H. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23460 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the personality-and-culture relationship
Allïk, J., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077851 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bentley, R. A. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-021036 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How intelligence mediates liberalism and prosociality
Solon, I. S. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.08.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
DeTroy, S. E., Ross, C. T., Cronin, K. A., van Leeuwen, E. J. C., & Haun, D. B. M. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102175 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Langley, M. C., Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Kempe, V. (2019) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21810 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome
Gleeson, B. T., & Wilson, L. A. B. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.2464 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Arre, A. M., Stumph, E., & Santos, L. R. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01485-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
On the use of evolutionary mismatch theories in debating human prosociality
Cuellar, A. S., & Savio, L. D. (2021) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-021-10025-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kistner, T. M., Zink, K. D., Worthington, S., & Lieberman, D. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82111-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wardecker, B. M., Smith, L. K., Edelstein, R. S., & Loving, T. J. (2015) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-015-0021-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hidden Depths: The Origins of Human Connection
Spikins, P. (2022) · White Rose University Press eBooks · doi:10.22599/hiddendepths · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The evolution of human music in light of increased prosocial behavior: a new model
Nikolsky, A., & Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2023) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2023.11.016 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Biogeography of the Anthropocene
Young, K. R. (2015) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133315598724 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The (Co)Evolution of Language and Music Under Human Self-Domestication
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Nikolsky, A. (2023) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-023-09447-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Shrunken social brains? a minimal model of the role of social interaction in neural complexity.
Reséndiz-Benhumea, G. M., Sangati, E., Sangati, F., Keshmiri, S., & Froese, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.634085 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Chekalin, E., Bruskin, S. A., Tatarinova, T. V., & Morozova, I. (2021) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2021.1936634 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Losey, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Social Archaeology · doi:10.1177/14696053211055475 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
What is a trait? Lessons from the human chin
Meneganzin, A., Ramsey, G., & DiFrisco, J. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.23249 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Asymmetries in punishment propensity may drive the civilizing process
Strimling, P., de Barra, M., & Eriksson, K. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0278-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sports and the human brain: an evolutionary perspective
Wallace, I. J., Hainline, C., & Lieberman, D. E. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00001-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Human domestication and the roles of human agency in human evolution
Savio, L. D., & Mameli, M. (2020) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-020-00315-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
3. Equal, Similar, but Different: Convergent Bonobos and Conserved Chimpanzees
Hare, B. A., & Wrangham, R. W. (2017) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674982642-003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-domestication and language evolution
Thomas, J. (2014) · ERA · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Masculinity and the Mechanisms of Human Self-Domestication
Gleeson, B. T. (2020) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-019-00126-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The 4 D’s of Pellagra and Progress
Williams, A. C., & Hill, L. J. (2020) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/1178646920910159 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS CAPACITY IN THE GENUS HOMO: COGNITIVE TIME SEQUENCE
Rappaport, M. B., & Corbally, C. J. (2018) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12387 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Trabecular bone in domestic dogs and wolves: Implications for understanding human self‐domestication
Chirchir, H. (2020) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24510 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Indexical Voice: Communication of Personal States and Traits in Humans and Other Primates
LOCKE, J. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The genetics and evolution of covitality
Weiß, A., & Michelle Luciano, A. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686674.003.0009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rmoutilová, R., Guyomarc’h, P., Velemínský, P., Šefčáková, A., Samsel, M., Santos, F., Maureille, B., & Brůžek, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201431 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Editorial: Self-Domestication and Human Evolution
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Clay, Z., & Kempe, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Janus faced: The co‐evolution of war and peace in the human species
Meijer, H. (2024) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.22027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Potential Intervention Targets in Utero and Early Life for Prevention of Hormone Related Cancers
Schooling, C. M., Houghton, L. C., & Terry, M. B. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4268e · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hanisch, S., & Eirdosh, D. (2022) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2021.2020875 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Symphyseal surface strain during in vitro human mandibular wishboning
Pampush, J. D., & Daegling, D. J. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22863 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fürtbauer, I., Brown, M. R., & Heistermann, M. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104636 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cognitive and behavioral modernity in Homo erectus: skull globularity and hominin brain evolution
Clark, G., & Henneberg, M. (2021) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.2478/anre-2021-0030 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Domestication as the evolution of interspecies cooperative breeding
Mueller, N. G., & Willman, J. C. (2024) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.22042 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-domestication and the Cultural Evolution of Language
Raviv, L., & Kirby, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198869252.013.60 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Hoshi, K., & Progovac, L. (2023) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-023-01140-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Boeckx, C. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00133-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
How Troubling Is Our Inheritance? A Review of Genetics and Race in the Social Sciences
Cohen, P. N. (2015) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215587673 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
White, S., Pope, M., Hillson, S. W., & Soligo, C. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103095 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Testosterone, oxytocin and co-operation: A hypothesis for the origin and function of music
Fukui, H., & Toyoshima, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1055827 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hominin musical sound production: palaeoecological contexts and self domestication
Clark, G., Saniotis, A., Bednarik, R. G., Lindahl, M., & Henneberg, M. (2024) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.18778/1898-6773.87.2.02 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Revisiting Basal Anthropology: A Developmental Approach to Human Evolution and Sociality
Kurismaa, A. (2021) · Biosemiotics/Biosemiotics. Bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67810-4_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1499994 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Correlates of Vocal Tract Evolution in Late Pliocene and Pleistocene Hominins
Ekström, A. G., Gärdenfors, P., Snyder, W. D., Friedrichs, D., McCarthy, R. C., Tsapos, M., Tennie, C., Strait, D. S., Edlund, J., & Moran, S. (2025) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-025-09487-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wild jackdaws learn to tolerate juveniles to exploit new foraging opportunities
Arbon, J. J., Truskanov, N., Stott, E., McIvor, G. E., & Thornton, A. (2025) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0179 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS CAPACITY IN THE GENUS HOMO: ORIGINS AND BUILDING BLOCKS
Rappaport, M. B., & Corbally, C. J. (2018) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12386 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Evolution of Pro-social Behavior
Gilbert, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.035 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Homo sapiens, Chimpanzees and the Enigma of Language
Bermejo‐Fenoll, A., Panchón-Ruíz, A., & del Campo, F. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00558 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intrasexual Selection for Upper Limb Length in Homo sapiens
Caton, N. R., & Lewis, D. M. G. (2025) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.70010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does the bonobo have a (chimpanzee-like) theory of mind?
Krupenye, C., MacLean, E. L., & Hare, B. A. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDomestication experiments reveal developmental link between friendliness and cognition
Hare, B. A. (2017) · Journal of Bioeconomics · doi:10.1007/s10818-017-9264-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Placental Steroid Hypothesis of Human Brain Evolution
Tsompanidis, A., Burton, G. J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Dunbar, R. (2025) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.70003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Human face as a biosocial marker in human evolution
Butovskaya, M., & Rostovtseva, V. V. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105427 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cieri, R. L., Churchill, S. E., Franciscus, R. G., Tan, J., & Hare, B.
- Venue
- Current Anthropology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 419-443
- ISSN
- 0011-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5382
- OpenAlex
- W2166591354
- Semantic Scholar
- 97588afcbdbaa20485bc703fc0eb91310166c29d
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 259
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 17.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Keywords
- social tolerance, behavioral modernity, testosterone, androgen receptor, craniofacial morphology, human population density, cultural evolution, Middle Pleistocene, human
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
