Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex offers the potential for creating a sensory neuroprosthesis to restore tactile sensation. Whereas animal studies have suggested that both cutaneous and proprioceptive percepts can be evoked using this approach, the perceptual quality of the stimuli cannot be measured in these experiments. We show that microstimulation within the hand area of the somatosensory cortex of a person with long-term spinal cord injury evokes tactile sensations perceived as originating from locations on the hand and that cortical stimulation sites are organized according to expected somatotopic principles. Many of these percepts exhibit naturalistic characteristics (including feelings of pressure), can be evoked at low stimulation amplitudes, and remain stable for months. Further, modulating the stimulus amplitude grades the perceptual intensity of the stimuli, suggesting that intracortical microstimulation could be used to convey information about the contact location and pressure necessary to perform dexterous hand movements associated with object manipulation.
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UEAs have been successfully implanted in human subjects in numerous studies and these devices have continued to work for many years.
“Although the duration of this study was limited to 6 months, UEAs have been successfully implanted in human subjects in numerous studies (25-29) and these devices have continued to work for many years.”
From Visual percepts evoked with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human occipital cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The perceptual characteristics of microstimulation have been elucidated in recent studies of humans with chronically implanted microelectrode arrays.
“it is only in recent studies of humans with chronically implanted microelectrode arrays that the perceptual characteristics of microstimulation have been elucidated (19, 20).”
From A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
ICMS of area 1 of somatosensory cortex evoked sensations in the palm and fingers of the participant's right hand, described as having cutaneous qualities.
“Stimulation evoked sensations in the palm and fingers of the participant’s right hand, which he described as having cutaneous qualities (Fig. 1C,D, Fig. S1) (19).”
From A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In patients with missing limb or lost brain connection, the brain area responsible for tactile stimulation or sensory feedback for the corresponding limb is still intact.
“In patients, either a limb is missing or its connection with the brain has been lost, though the brain area responsible for tactile stimulation or sensory feedback for the corresponding limb is still intact (Flesher et al., 2016).”
From Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review. (2017) · cites this paper as Flesher et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Flesher, S. N., Collinger, J. L., Foldes, S. T., Weiss, J. M., Downey, J. E., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Bensmaia, S. J., Schwartz, A. B., Boninger, M. L., & Gaunt, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Gaunt, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2016-10-19
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 361
- Pages
- 361ra141-361ra141
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- OpenAlex
- W2531012506
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 38.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (B6789C, B7143R, RX720)
- NSF (DGE-1247842)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- intracortical microstimulation, somatosensory cortex, spinal cord injury, somatotopic organization, pressure sensation, perceptual stability, hand area
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Hand, Humans, Male, Man-Machine Systems, Microelectrodes, Movement, Paralysis, Somatosensory Cortex, Touch, Treatment Outcome, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Brain-Computer Interfaces
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