CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1Diversity and Career in MedicineMedical Education and AdmissionsCareer Development and Diversity

Pathway to Medicine and Health Programs Revisited: Outcomes and Institutional Adaptations in Greater Philadelphia and Beyond

Open access
Bright, Dara, Hughes, Sarah, Muir, Roshell·2026·Education Sciences
DOI 10.3390/educsci16010170
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

This scoping literature review examines the outcomes and institutional adaptations of pathway programs designed to increase diversity in medical and allied health professions. These programs address systemic barriers faced by students from underrepresented (UR) backgrounds through a targeted focus on improving their academic performance and preparedness for healthcare careers. Utilizing a scoping approach, peer-reviewed publications from 2014 to March 2024 were analyzed, focusing on pathway programs within the United States. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, no formal quality appraisal was conducted. The review highlights the geographical distribution of these programs, particularly in the Greater Philadelphia area, and evaluates their success rates and key components, such as mentorship, academic support, and clinical exposure. Key thematic findings include the importance of sustained mentorship, financial and emotional support, early exposure to health careers, and comprehensive academic preparation. The study also discusses the recent implications of the Supreme Court rulings on race-conscious admissions and the resulting institutional strategies to maintain diversity within legal constraints. By providing a comprehensive overview of the literature, this review aims to inform the development and implementation of pathway programs that can improve diversity in the healthcare workforce.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This scoping review maps 31 peer-reviewed studies (2014–March 2024) of US pathway programs into medicine and allied health, describing their geographic distribution, common components, and reported outcomes. It finds programs concentrated in the Northeast, with mentorship, academic preparation, and early career exposure as recurring components, and notes that the literature does not yet document institutional responses to the 2023 SCOTUS affirmative action rulings.

Key findings

  • Of 373 records initially identified, 327 remained after duplicate removal, 61 went to full-text review, and 31 articles were ultimately included; the review reports that most programs (n = 17) are in the Northeast, with New York (n = 14), California (n = 4), and Pennsylvania (n = 3) having the highest counts.
  • The most commonly reported program components were mentorship and advising (n = 12), academic preparation/coursework (n = 11), career exposure (n = 8), and professional development (n = 8); 11 studies reported increased enrollment rates into health programs as a measure of success.
  • Reported outcome examples include: 98 students matriculating into graduate school at a University of Utah program (76% remaining at Utah, 46% in health sciences); a 100% high school graduation rate among Aetna HPPI participants; 65% of participants in three Bronx programs enrolled in medical school, 24% completing medical school, and 12% enrolled in a biomedical PhD; 83% college matriculation and 42% graduate STEMM matriculation for Johns Hopkins CSM; an 80% timely graduation rate for UMass HESP; and DPMS students showing 92.3% URM representation with Step 1 first-attempt pass rates of 99% (DPMS) vs. 98% (non-DPMS).
  • The authors report that the included peer-reviewed studies do not yet document programmatic responses to the 2023 SCOTUS rulings, and present the Greater Philadelphia Consortium Dedicated to Health Equity Education (CDHE) and its PADMed initiative as a regional case example outside the reviewed evidence base.

Methods

  • Scoping literature review following Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, using a Population-Concept-Context framework; no formal quality appraisal was conducted, and the review was not preregistered though an a priori protocol was developed.
  • Searches of APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, ERIC, Nursing & Allied Health Database, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Web of Science Core Collection, last accessed 28 March 2024, covering 2014 to March 2024; inclusion required US-based pathway programs into medical/allied health programs with reported outcomes and peer-reviewed study types.
  • Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts (DB and RM), with discrepancies resolved by consensus; one reviewer conducted the full-text review, after which discussion moved 6 articles from "no" to "yes," yielding the final 31. Data were charted on study design, program characteristics, target population, implementation components, outcomes, and author-identified limitations, then synthesized descriptively by program characteristics, geography, and outcomes.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: publication bias favoring resourced programs that publish; substantial heterogeneity in designs, implementation, and outcome metrics preventing direct comparison; reliance on short-term or self-reported outcomes with limited longitudinal tracking; selection biases rarely addressed, making it hard to attribute outcomes to programs; and the absence of critical appraisal as a limitation of the review itself.
  • Stated by the authors: the synthesis reflects only what is documented in academic publications, so well-known programs such as Rowan's PULSE, Temple's Pre-Med Health Scholar Program, and PCOM's HPREP are absent from the evidence base.
  • Evident from the text: the review reports 31 included articles but Table 2 presents characteristics for n = 18 programs, and Figure 2 describes 39 program locations, so program-level counts are not fully reconciled; the CDHE/PADMed discussion and the SCOTUS implications are presented as context rather than findings from the reviewed literature.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/educsci16010170

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

29 of 111 cited sources checked · 19 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Knowledge of health disparities and life course theory increased from 2.9 to 4.5 (p < 0.05) in the Guerrero et al. (2015) program.

    “Knowledge of health disparities and life course theory: 2.9 → 4.5 (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero et al., 2015 source

      The Assessment/Methods findings report increased maternal and child health knowledge after one year in the PSHP program, and the Conclusion describes small but significant gains in knowledge scores. Our copy does not give a 2.9-to-4.5 change or a p-value for knowledge of health disparities and life course theory specifically (searched: 2.9, 4.5, and the topic names). (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Academic and social support were commonly reported components associated with positive student outcomes and favorable student experiences in pathway programs.

    “while other program components such as academic and social support, were commonly reported components associated with positive student outcomes and favorable student experiences in pathway programs (Murray et al., 2016;Upshur et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Murray et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Upshur et al., 2018 source
  • Findingcitation

    Knowledge of public health concepts increased from 2.4 to 4.3 (p < 0.05) in the Guerrero et al. (2015) program.

    “Knowledge of public health concepts: 2.4 → 4.3 (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero et al., 2015 source

      The Findings section (page unavailable) reports increased knowledge scores after one year in the PSHP program, and the Conclusion describes gains in learning about maternal and child health and public health. However, our copy does not give a public-health-concepts score rising from 2.4 to 4.3 or a p-value for that specific change; searches for those numbers found no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Understanding of challenges in delivering health services for children and families increased from 2.7 to 4.4 (p < 0.05) in the Guerrero et al. (2015) program.

    “Understanding of challenges in delivering health services for children and families: 2.7 → 4.4 (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero et al., 2015 source

      The Findings report significant increases in students’ ratings on 11 of 13 maternal and child health topics, and the Conclusion identifies understanding challenges in delivering services for children and families as one of the largest pre–post changes. The passages available in our copy do not give the claimed 2.7-to-4.4 scores or an item-specific p-value, so those details cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Knowledge of MCH careers and services increased from 2.3 to 4.4 (p < 0.05) in the Guerrero et al. (2015) program.

    “Knowledge of MCH careers and services: 2.3 → 4.4 (p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero et al., 2015 source

      The Findings section reports significant increases in students’ perceived knowledge of MCH topics, including services for children and families, after one year in the program. Our copy does not give the claimed 2.3-to-4.4 values or an exact p-value for this measure (searched both numbers and Table 3), so the numerical claim is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 45
  • May combine two claims. 52
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 6

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    As recommended by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), this scoping review employed an iterative-team process during study selection and charting to confirm that inclusion decisions were consistently applied.

    “As recommended by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), this scoping review employed an iterative-team process during study selection and charting to confirm that inclusion decisions were consistently applied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arksey & O'Malley, 2005 source

      The Methodological framework describes scoping review stages as iterative. Framework Stage 3 says two reviewers applied inclusion criteria to all citations to support consistent selection, while Stage 4 describes a uniform approach to charting. The paper does not say that an iterative team process during charting was used to confirm that inclusion decisions were consistently applied. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Students from UR/nondominant groups often possess unique ways of knowing, drawing from their rich cultural and personal experiences.

    “On the contrary, these students often possess unique ways of knowing, drawing from their rich cultural and personal experiences (Yosso, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yosso, 2005 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    This review was reported following the scoping study methodological framework (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005) and according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines (Tricco et al., 2018).

    “This review was reported following the scoping study methodological framework (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005) and according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines (Tricco et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Arksey & O'Malley, 2005 source
    • cites Tricco et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Pandemic-related disruptions affected program delivery, participation, or modality, often prompting shifts to virtual or hybrid formats.

    “Several authors described how pandemic-related disruptions affected program delivery, participation, or modality (e.g., Zhou et al., 2021), often prompting shifts to virtual or hybrid formats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou et al., 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    From the participatory cohort, 98 students matriculated into graduate school, with 76% choosing to remain at the University of Utah and 46% pursuing health sciences graduate programs.

    “From the participatory cohort, 98 students matriculated into graduate school, with 76% choosing to remain at the University of Utah and 46% pursuing health sciences graduate programs (Cariello et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cariello et al., 2023 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Outcomes for HESP include an 80% timely graduation rate, and participants showed improvements in their overall GPA.

    “Outcomes for HESP include an 80% timely graduation rate, and participants showed improvements in their overall GPA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Upshur et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Recent disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic affected program delivery and participation, even in regions with well-established infrastructures, as reported by several authors.

    “several authors also reported that recent disruptions (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) affected program delivery and participation, even in regions with well-established infrastructures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou et al., 2021 source

      The Introduction says the COVID-19 pandemic forced the University of Pennsylvania to suspend in-person activities and move PASS online. The Results report that internet and power disruptions caused some students to miss or struggle to participate in sessions. The paper does not characterize the region as having well-established infrastructure. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Interest in becoming a doctor improved from 3.08 to 4.33 (+41%).

    “Interest in becoming a doctor → 3.08 →”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hill, K., Raney, C., Jackson, K., Murdock, H.M., Dawson, E., Hamilton, R., DeLisser, H., Mamtani, M., & Aysola, J. (2021) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pathway programs are characterized as mechanisms that can broaden access to medical education by attracting and retaining students who have historically had difficulty accessing medical school.

    “Pathway programs are characterized as mechanisms that can broaden access to medical education by attracting and retaining students who have historically had difficulty accessing medical school.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Robles et al., 2021 source
    • cites Wrensford et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior literature identifies belonging as a factor associated with recruitment and retention efforts of UR groups in healthcare and as relevant to students' navigation of adversity, low confidence in academic abilities, or being new to a previously unfamiliar space such as a college campus.

    “Prior literature identifies belonging as a factor associated with recruitment and retention efforts of UR groups in healthcare (Fleming et al., 2022) and as relevant to students' navigation of adversity, low confidence in academic abilities, or being new to a previously unfamiliar space such as a college campus (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fleming et al., 2022 source
    • cites Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Career exposure was a valuable program component, with 20 mentions, because it widened perspectives on healthcare professions.

    “Career exposure (20 mentions)-widened perspectives on healthcare professions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephenson-Hunter et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    These elements are consistently cited across the body of literature.

    “These elements are consistently cited across the body of literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    After discussion, 6 articles previously marked as 'no' by DB were marked as 'yes,' bringing the final number of articles included in the study to 31.

    “After the discussion, 6 articles previously marked as”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    1 pathway program was identified in Texas and another in Alabama.

    “We observed a spread of lower numbers of programs across other states in the south, with 1 program in Texas and another in Alabama.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mentorship was a valuable program component, with 25 mentions, because guidance from professionals and URM role models increased confidence.

    “Mentorship (25 mentions)-guidance from professionals and URM role models increased confidence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephenson-Hunter et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Interns reported positive experiences with mentorship, skill development, and career exploration.

    “Positive experiences with mentorship, skill development, and career exploration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites VanInwegen et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The distribution of pathway programs explored is geographically dispersed across multiple regions, with New York (n = 14), California (n = 4), and Pennsylvania (n = 3) having the highest number of documented pathway programs.

    “Overall, we observe that the distribution of pathway programs explored is geographically dispersed across multiple regions, with New York (n = 14), California (n = 4), and Pennsylvania (n = 3) having the highest number of documented pathway programs (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Career exposure (clinical experience) is commonly described as a valuable program component, yet in some cases as an element that students reported lacking prior to program participation.

    “Career exposure (also referred to as clinical experience) in the literature, is also commonly described as one of a valuable program component, yet in some cases, as an element that students reported lacking prior to program participation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    8 pathway programs were identified in the South, 6 of which occurred in the South Atlantic (West Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida).

    “While most of the programs were concentrated in the North, we identified 8 programs in the South, 6 of which occurred in the South Atlantic (West Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the West, 6 pathway programs were identified, with 3 occurring in the Mountain states (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, and Wyoming).

    “In the West, we identified 6 programs, with 3 occurring in the Mountain states (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, and Wyoming).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Included studies described a range of reported outcomes such as increased matriculation into medical school, improved academic performance, and greater persistence in healthcare careers.

    “These studies described a range of reported outcomes such as increased matriculation into medical school, improved academic performance, and greater persistence in healthcare careers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Clinical exposure was the most valuable program component, with 40 mentions, because hands-on experiences solidified student interest in medicine.

    “Clinical exposure (40 mentions)-hands-on experiences solidified student interest in medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephenson-Hunter et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Initially, 373 articles were selected from the initial database search, and after removing duplicates, 327 articles were retained.

    “Initially, 373 articles were selected from the initial database search.After removing duplicates from the search, 327 articles were retained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Research opportunities were a valuable program component, with 16 mentions, because they provided foundational skills for biomedical careers.

    “Research opportunities (16 mentions)-provided foundational skills for biomedical careers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephenson-Hunter et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After abstract screening, 61 articles were retained for a full-article review, and 266 articles were excluded during the first screening.

    “After abstract screening, 61 articles were retained for a full-article review (266 articles were excluded during the first screening).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Female students with male mentors participated in 3.9 quarters of research, whereas those with female mentors participated in only 1.8 quarters.

    “Female students with male mentors participated in 3.9 quarters of research, whereas those with female mentors participated in only 1.8 quarters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baiduc et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prior to the JSI program, 0 students were taking college credit-bearing courses; by 2019-2020, over 25% of juniors and seniors were enrolled in these courses.

    “Prior to JSI, 0 students were taking college credit-bearing courses.By 2019-2020, over 25% of juniors and seniors were enrolled in these courses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Osai et al., 2021 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The most common pathway program components mentioned in the literature include mentorship and advising (n = 12), academic preparation/coursework (n = 11), career exposure (n = 8), and professional development (n = 8).

    “The most common pathway program components mentioned in the literature include mentorship and advising (n = 12), academic preparation/coursework (n = 11), career exposure (n = 8), and professional development (n = 8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mahendra and Kashinath (2022) described a structured mentoring program in California that targeted students interested in a career in speech-language pathology, and its outcomes showed significant improvements in students' academic performance, research skills, and leadership abilities.

    “Similarly, Mahendra and Kashinath (2022) described a structured mentoring program in California that targeted students interested in a career in speech-language pathology.The outcomes of this pathway program were positive, and showed significant improvements in students' academic performance, research skills, and leadership abilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mahendra and Kashinath, 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Multiple students were awarded full-tuition scholarships, including a Gates Millennium Scholar.

    “Multiple students awarded full-tuition scholarships, including a Gates Millennium Scholar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    1 worked in health information management.

    “1 worked in health”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chesbro, S. B., & Waters, C. R. (2015)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Wrensford et al. (2019) examined a segment of a pathway program, the Aetna Health Professions Partnership Initiative (Aetna HPPI) sponsored by the Department of Health Career Opportunity Programs at University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, which yielded a 100% high school graduation rate among participants compared to lower rates in their district.

    “Wrensford et al. (2019) examine a segment of a pathway program, referred to as the Aetna Health Professions Partnership Initiative (Aetna HPPI) and sponsored by the Department of Health Career Opportunity Programs at University of Connecticut (UConn) Health yielded a 100% high school graduation rate among participants compared to lower rates in their district (Wrensford et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wrensford et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Emerging legal and policy implications, such as the Students for Fair Admissions cases, were not reflected in the studies included in this scoping review.

    “although emerging legal and policy implications (e.g., Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College) were not reflected in the studies included in this scoping review”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Step 1 First Attempt Pass Rate was 99% (DPMS) vs. 98% (non-DPMS); both above the national average of 96%.

    “Step 1 First Attempt Pass Rate: 99% (DPMS) vs. 98% (non-DPMS); both above the national”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cestone, C., Russo, D., Berardi-Demo, L., Weber, V., White, M., Shumsky, J., Baird, D., Walker, L. & Núñez, A. (2018)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Philadelphia, the authors have previously described one of the pathway programs focused specifically on student academic achievement for matriculation into medical school.

    “In Philadelphia, we have previously described one of the pathway programs focused specifically on student academic achievement for matriculation into medical school.Cestone et al. (2018)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cestone et al., 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Recent studies also incorporate a broader set of psychosocial and experiential indicators to create an expanded understanding of what success looks like, beyond traditional testing and scores.

    “Recent studies also incorporate a broader set of psychosocial and experiential indicators to create an expanded understanding of what success looks like, beyond traditional testing and scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    As shown in Table 2, mentorship and support structures, early career exposure to health professions, and comprehensive academic and social support are key factors influencing medical school and health program enrollment outcomes of pathway programs.

    “As shown in Table 2, mentorship and support structures, early career exposure to health professions, and comprehensive academic and social support, are key factors influencing medical school and health program enrollment outcomes of pathway programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    SAT scores of program participants (1088) exceeded state (1031) and national (1060) averages in 2017.

    “SAT scores of program participants (1088) exceeded state (1031) and national (1060)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Several cross-cutting patterns were identified across the included studies.

    “Several cross-cutting patterns were identified across the included studies (evidence).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given

    >90% retention rate as students progress from 6th to 8th grade in BOOST.

    “>90% retention rate as students progress from”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Regionally, 5 studies discussed enrollment rates as a measure of programmatic effectiveness.

    “Regionally, 5 studies discussed enrollment rates as a measure of programmatic effectiveness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    In the context of pathway programs in medicine and health programs, academic achievement is a commonly reported outcome measure to assess the extent to which the programs' components and the curriculum improve the competitiveness of a student's academic application for the programs they wish to undertake.

    “In the context of pathway programs in medicine and health programs, academic achievement is a commonly reported outcome measure to assess the extent to which the programs' components and the curriculum improve the competitiveness of a student's academic application for the programs they wish to undertake.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    185 nursing students participated in retention services over three years.

    “students participated in retention services”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Crews et al. (2020) reported that participants in the Johns Hopkins Initiative for Careers in Science and Medicine (CSM) in Maryland improved students' academic achievement and is characterized as such by its relatively high matriculation rates of UR students into college (83%) and graduate science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine (STEMM) programs (42%).

    “Crews et al. (2020) reported that participants in the Johns Hopkins Initiative for Careers in Science and Medicine (CSM) in Maryland improved students' academic achievement and is characterized as such by its relatively high matriculation rates of UR students into college (83%) and graduate science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine (STEMM) programs (42%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crews et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Pennsylvania, several successful pipeline programs have been developed and were reported to impact students' confidence in their abilities and connection to the field.

    “In Pennsylvania, several successful pipeline programs have been developed and were reported to impact students' confidence in their abilities and connection to the field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given

    ~50% of 8th graders continue as high school mentors (JCiTs), with ~80% of them advancing to Junior Coaches (JCs).

    “~50% of 8th graders continue as high school”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    DPMS students achieved similar pass rates on USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge exams to their peers, and their clinical performance, measured by NBME subject exams in core clerkships, was comparable to that of non-DPMS students.

    “reported that DPMS students achieved similar pass rates on The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge exams to their peers, and their clinical performance, measured by NBME subject exams in core clerkships, was comparable to that of non-DPMS students.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Studies across various states have reported student satisfaction with program experiences and described increases in confidence related to pursuing health careers, along with a greater sense of belonging in educational settings.

    “Studies across various states have also reported student satisfaction with program experiences and described increases in confidence related to pursuing health careers, along with a greater sense of belonging in educational settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Patterson et al. (2023) describes the High School to Higher Education (H2H) Pipeline Program, where mentees reported positive experiences that helped them feel included and valued.

    “Patterson et al. (2023) describes the High School to Higher Education (H2H) Pipeline Program, where mentees reported positive experiences that helped them feel included and valued, which reinforces what is known about the benefits of intentional mentoring of UR students in tertiary studies (Shuler et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patterson et al., 2023 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Academic achievement is frequently used in the literature as an indicator of the effectiveness of educational programs.

    “Academic achievement is frequently used in the literature as an indicator of the effectiveness of educational programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Program structures consistently emphasized academic preparation, sustained mentorship, early exposure to health careers, and facilitated access to institutional and social resources.

    “Program structures consistently emphasized academic preparation, sustained mentorship, early exposure to health careers, and facilitated access to institutional and social resources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Other programs such as the Stanford Medical Youth Science Program's Summer Residential Program (SRP) and the Careers in Health and Medical Professions Program (CHAMPS) positively impacted student career aspirations, self-efficacy in tackling science course material and enhanced problem-solving.

    “Other programs such as the Stanford Medical Youth Science Program's Summer Residential Program (SRP) and the Careers in Health and Medical Professions Program (CHAMPS) (Crump et al., 2015;Wallace et al., 2015) positively impacted student career aspirations, self-efficacy in tackling science course material and enhanced problem-solving.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Crump et al., 2015 source
    • cites Wallace et al., 2015 source

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Step 2 CK First Attempt Pass Rate was 91% (DPMS) vs. 96% (non-DPMS); the difference was not statistically significant.

    “Step 2 CK First Attempt Pass Rate: 91%”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cestone, C., Russo, D., Berardi-Demo, L., Weber, V., White, M., Shumsky, J., Baird, D., Walker, L. & Núñez, A. (2018)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Stephenson-Hunter et al. (2019) reported that between 2002 and 2018, participants in the Summer Undergraduate Mentorship Program (SUMP) at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York matriculated into medical school, with the majority being from UR groups.

    “Stephenson-Hunter et al. (2019) reported that between 2002 and 2018, participants in the Summer Undergraduate Mentorship Program (SUMP) at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York matriculated into medical school, with the majority being from UR groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephenson-Hunter et al., 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    DPMS students took slightly longer to graduate (4.35 years vs. 4.18 years for non-DPMS students), but the difference was not statistically significant.

    “DPMS students took slightly longer to graduate (4.35 years vs. 4.18 years for non-DPMS students), but the difference was not statistically significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cestone, C., Russo, D., Berardi-Demo, L., Weber, V., White, M., Shumsky, J., Baird, D., Walker, L. & Núñez, A. (2018)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    As this synthesis is descriptive, the summaries do not infer causality or effectiveness.

    “As this synthesis is descriptive, the summaries do not infer causality or effectiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The search included both controlled vocabulary subject headings and keywords related to student diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), Medical/Allied Health Pathway programs, and Mid-Atlantic Regions from 2014 to 28 March 2024.

    “The search included both controlled vocabulary subject headings and keywords related to student diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), Medical/Allied Health Pathway programs, and Mid-Atlantic Regions from 2014 to 28 March 2024.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The charting form was iteratively updated and refined during each round of review.

    “The charting form was iteratively updated and refined during each round of review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A scoping review was selected because pathway programs vary wildly by target population, implementation strategies, and reported outcomes.

    “A scoping review was selected because pathway programs vary wildly by target population, implementation strategies, and reported outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data from the 31 included sources were extracted using a structured charting form aligned with scoping review methodology.

    “Data from the 31 included sources were extracted using a structured charting form aligned with scoping review methodology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given the heterogeneity in program designs and reported outcomes, this study conducted a descriptive, narrative synthesis consistent with scoping review methodology.

    “Given the heterogeneity in program designs and reported outcomes, this study conducted a descriptive, narrative synthesis consistent with scoping review methodology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The protocol specified the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework, primary outcomes of interest, and an analytical plan emphasizing mapping, descriptive synthesis, and identification of cross-cutting patterns.

    “The protocol specified the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework, primary outcomes of interest (reported program components, implementation strategies, and documented academic or career-related outcomes), and an analytical plan emphasizing mapping, descriptive synthesis, and identification of cross-cutting patterns.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given wide heterogeneity in pathway program structures, target populations, evaluation strategies, and outcome measures, a scoping review design was appropriate.

    “Given the wide heterogeneity in pathway program structures, target populations, evaluation strategies, and outcome measures, a scoping review design was appropriate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    One researcher (DB) conducted the second full-article review, resulting in the selection of a final 25 articles to be included in this study.

    “As the researchers had a good strength of agreement, one researcher (DB) conducted the second full-article review, resulting in the selection of a final 25 articles to be included in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These outcomes are associated with these program components.

    “These outcomes are associated with these program components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The literature reviewed for this article only included peer-reviewed primary research, evaluation reports, and relevant reviews.

    “The literature reviewed for this article only included peer-reviewed primary research, evaluation reports, and relevant reviews.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Program effects on diversity are reflected in the enrollment, persistence, and academic outcomes summarized in the review.

    “As such, program effects on diversity are reflected in the enrollment, persistence, and academic outcomes summarized below.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A scoping review approach allows for mapping the breadth of existing literature rather than synthesizing effect sizes or producing comparative estimates, which would be methodologically inappropriate for this set of evidence.

    “This approach allows for mapping the breadth of existing literature rather than synthesizing effect sizes or producing comparative estimates, which would be methodologically inappropriate for this set of evidence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The heterogeneity of pathway programs makes it inappropriate to conduct a formal quality appraisal or quantitative synthesis and instead supports a scoping approach aimed at mapping the breadth and nature of existing evidence.

    “This heterogeneity makes it inappropriate to conduct a formal quality appraisal or quantitative synthesis and instead supports a scoping approach aimed at mapping the breadth and nature of existing evidence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This review was not preregistered, but an a priori protocol was developed to guide the review.

    “This review was not preregistered, but an a priori protocol was developed to guide the review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The popularity of pathway programs has increased nationally in response to the need to diversify the pool of healthcare professionals.

    “These findings indicate that while the popularity of pathway programs has increased nationally in response to the need to diversify the pool of healthcare professionals (e.g., Taylor et al., 2022)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Taylor et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The abstracts of the 327 articles were reviewed by two researchers (DB and RM) and the inclusion criteria re-discussed to ensure alignment.

    “The abstracts of the 327 articles were reviewed by two researchers (DB and RM) and the inclusion criteria re-discussed to ensure alignment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review did not conduct a methodological quality appraisal of included sources, as evaluating study rigor is outside the purpose of scoping reviews.

    “Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review did not conduct a methodological quality appraisal of included sources, as evaluating study rigor is outside the purpose of scoping reviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The search strategies made efforts to account for plurals, acronyms, and synonyms.

    “The search strategies made efforts to account for plurals, acronyms, and synonyms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, no critical appraisal of included sources was conducted.

    “Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, no critical appraisal of included sources was conducted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Two reviewers independently screened the body of literature (abstracts, titles, and full texts), and any discrepancies were resolved through consensus and re-review when needed.

    “As described in Section 2.3, two reviewers independently screened the body of literature (i.e., abstracts, titles, and full texts).Any discrepancies were resolved through consensus and re-review when needed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The evidence reveals substantial regional variation in where pathway programs are located, which suggests that geographic access remains an underexamined dimension of equity.

    “First, the evidence reveals substantial regional variation in where pathway programs are located which suggests that geographic access remains an underexamined dimension of equity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Most studies relied on short-term or self-reported outcomes, with limited longitudinal tracking of student trajectories.

    “Third, most studies relied on short-term or self-reported outcomes, with limited longitudinal tracking of student trajectories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    PADMed reflects several design principles emphasized in the broader literature, early exposure, mentorship, structured academic preparation, and an emphasis on student potential, while also responding to contemporary concerns raised by member institutions.

    “PADMed reflects several design principles emphasized in the broader literature, early exposure, mentorship, structured academic preparation, and an emphasis on student potential, while also responding to contemporary concerns raised by member institutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: These conversations informed the development of PADMed (Preparing Aspiring Doctors for Medicine), CDHE's regional pathway initiative.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    PADMed was not part of the evidence base synthesized in this review.

    “Although PADMed was not part of the evidence base synthesized in this review”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Selection biases were rarely addressed in the included studies, making it difficult to determine whether reported outcomes reflect program influence or underlying differences in student characteristics.

    “Fourth, selection biases were rarely addressed, making it difficult to determine whether reported outcomes reflect program influence or underlying differences in student characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    PADMed demonstrates how organizations situated in regions with multiple pathway programs are collaborating to align programming with current legal expectations and learner needs.

    “it demonstrates how organizations situated in regions with multiple pathway programs are collaborating to align programming with current legal expectations and learner needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: These conversations informed the development of PADMed (Preparing Aspiring Doctors for Medicine), CDHE's regional pathway initiative.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Across these programs, structured academic peer-led learning, real-world application of scientific principles, and scaffolded learning approaches are success components in preparing students for success in medical and health professions.

    “Across these programs, structured academic peer-led learning, real-world application of scientific principles, and scaffolded learning approaches are success components in preparing students for success in medical and health professions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These findings demonstrate that pathway programs serve as a strategy for addressing inequities in access to health professions education and diversifying the future healthcare workforce.

    “In summary, these findings demonstrate that pathway programs serve as a strategy for addressing inequities in access to health professions education and diversifying the future healthcare workforce.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Examples such as CDHE provide a regional case of how institutions may interpret and operationalize the themes reflected in the existing literature.

    “examples such as CDHE provide a regional case of how institutions may interpret and operationalize the themes reflected in the existing literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Institutions in Greater Philadelphia recently formed the Consortium Dedicated to Health Equity Education (CDHE), a collaborative network designed to strengthen equity-focused approaches to health professions education.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The synthesis reflects only what has been documented in academic publications.

    “the synthesis reflects only what has been documented in academic publications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The absence of a critical appraisal is a limitation of this study.

    “Finally, while not a part of a scoping review, the absence of a critical appraisal is a limitation of this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
87 of 87

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    High academic achievement is a key consideration in medical school admissions.

    “One of the key considerations in medical school admissions is high academic achievement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pathway programs emerged as a strategic effort to further prepare students for medical school, nursing or other health programs.

    “In recognizing the unique perspectives and capital that these students bring to the table, post-baccalaureate and other pathway programs emerged as a strategic effort to further prepare students for medical school, nursing or other health programs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Institutions created pathway programs to provide targeted interventions that foster academic and professional success for students who encounter systemic inhibitors that hinder their educational progression.

    “Institutions have created these programs to provide targeted interventions that foster academic and professional success for students who encounter systemic inhibitors that hinder their educational progression.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Supreme Court decisions on race-conscious admissions had far-reaching implications, including recruiting students seeking to enroll in graduate programs.

    “These decisions had far-reaching implications, including recruiting students seeking to enroll in graduate programs.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Preregistration does not currently constitute a formal expectation for scoping reviews.

    “Because preregistration does not currently constitute a formal expectation for scoping reviews, the protocol was not registered.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Evaluating study rigor is outside the purpose of scoping reviews.

    “as evaluating study rigor is outside the purpose of scoping reviews.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The number of medical schools varies substantially by region.

    “Because the number of medical schools varies substantially by region, counts should be interpreted descriptively rather than comparatively.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 2023 U.S. Supreme Court rulings regarding affirmative action added a layer of complexity to institutional efforts aimed at ensuring access to higher education for all learners in the healthcare pipeline.

    “The 2023 U.S. Supreme Court rulings regarding affirmative action added a layer of complexity to institutional efforts aimed at ensuring access to higher education for all learners in the healthcare pipeline.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Institutions in Greater Philadelphia recently formed the Consortium Dedicated to Health Equity Education (CDHE), a collaborative network designed to strengthen equity-focused approaches to health professions education.

    “institutions in Greater Philadelphia recently formed the Consortium Dedicated to Health Equity Education (CDHE), a collaborative network designed to strengthen equity-focused approaches to health professions education.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At CDHE's 2024 Equity in Medical Education Summit, institutional leaders and community partners engaged in structured dialogue on sustaining inclusive pathways in a shifting legal and social environment.

    “At CDHE's 2024 Equity in Medical Education Summit, institutional leaders and community partners engaged in structured dialogue on sustaining inclusive pathways in a shifting legal and social environment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These conversations informed the development of PADMed (Preparing Aspiring Doctors for Medicine), CDHE's regional pathway initiative.

    “These conversations informed the development of PADMed (Preparing Aspiring Doctors for Medicine), CDHE's regional pathway initiative.”
11 of 11

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • West regional counts exceed the stated total

    Minor

    The West is reported to have 6 programs, but its Mountain and Pacific counts sum to 7. The text identifies the only multi-site program as being in North Dakota and New York, so that does not explain the overlap.

    Reported 6 · recomputed 7

  • Database access date conflicts with the recorded search date

    Minor

    The methods say all databases were last accessed on 28 March 2024, whereas the appended Web of Science search records a run on 30 March 2024.

  • Publication-year eligibility differs from the stated search window

    Minor

    The eligibility framework specifies publications from 2013-2024, but the search strategy says it searched from 2014 to March 2024.

  • More students were admitted than applied

    Minor

    For the same group of program completers, the table says 5 applied to graduate or professional school but 6 were admitted.

  • Medical-school matriculant counts conflict within one table entry

    Minor

    The entry reports 92 students matriculating into medical school, but then describes 133 medical-school matriculants, including 118 who were URM.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Cestone, 2018, Broadening diversity in medicine: Outcomes of the Drexel pathway to medical school postbaccalaureate medical science program, Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 11, 1
  2. Chesbro, 2015, Creating an undergraduate academic certificate to sustain a maternal and child health diversity pipeline training program: Case report, Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 8, 1087
  3. DeOliveira, 2022, Assessment of health professions pipeline programs that effectively recruit, prepare, and retain underrepresented/disadvantaged students, Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 15, 26
  4. Fifolt, 2014, Bridging STEM professions for McNair scholars through faculty mentoring and academic preparation, College and University, 89, 24
  5. Garcia, 2021, Building opportunities and overtures in science and technology: Establishing an early intervention, multi-level, continuous stem pathway program, Journal of STEM Outreach, 4, n1
  6. Hamid, 2019, External and internal factors affecting students’ academic performance, Basic Education College Magazine For Educational and Humanities Sciences, 43, 2098
  7. Millea, 2018, What matters in college student success? Determinants of college retention and graduation rates, Education, 138, 309
  8. Pruszynski, 2022, Mayo clinic CARES–An innovative pathway program demonstrating the power of mentorship, Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 15, 90
  9. Adames, 2019, Analysis of the curriculum of a summer pipeline program for economically disadvantaged premedical students in the Bronx, NY, Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 12, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Bright, D., Hughes, S., & Muir, R.
Affiliations
  • Drexel University (US)
  • Wake Forest University (US)
Corresponding author
Muir, Roshell
ORCID
Venue
Education Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-01-22
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
170
ISSN
2227-7102 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/educsci16010170
OpenAlex
W7125475111
Cited by
1
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 1
FWCI
11.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Education Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Independence Blue Cross Foundation Institute for Health Equity
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Medical Education and Admissions
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords
pathway programs, medical school admissions, underrepresented students, mentoring, academic support, clinical exposure, race-conscious admissions, Supreme Court decision, health workforce diversity, institutional adaptation, Greater Philadelphia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review