Lymphatic function and immune regulation in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
L ymphatic vessels are present throughout the body, except in the central nervous system and bone marrow.The lymph nodes (LNs), spleen, and other secondary lymphoid organs (e.g., Peyer's patches) are strategically located in anatomical sites where they collect foreign antigen and antigen presenting cells to activate antigen-specific lymphocytes efficiently. 1 In the peripheral tissues, specialized lymphatic capillaries-called initial lymphatic vessels-allow soluble materials and cells to enter the lymphatic system easily.The collected fluid and cells form lymph, which is transported by smooth muscle-invested collecting lymphatic vessels to the draining lymph node.The lymph node provides a highly organized microarchitecture that supports optimal immune surveillance.The ''filtered'' lymph fluid, as well as naı ¨ve and activated lymphocytes, exit the lymph node via efferent lymphatic vessels.Lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes together provide protective immunity for the body.Disruptions of lymphatic function compromise immune function and result in lymphedema.In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of how lymphatic function is altered in inflammatory states, cancer, and infection.
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In the lymph node, lymph can be concentrated or diluted by exchange of fluid through high endothelial venules, which are located in the lymph node paracortical cortex and have a specialized endothelium that facilitates fluid exchange and diapedesis of lymphocytes.
“In the lymph node, lymph can be concentrated or diluted (12) by the exchange of fluid through high endothelial venules (HEVs), which are located in the lymph node paracortical cortex, and have a specialized endothelium that facilitates fluid exchange and diapedesis of lymphocytes (84).”
From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
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- Authors
- Liao, S., & Padera, T. P.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Lymphatic Research and Biology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 136-143
- ISSN
- 1539-6851 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8585
- PMC
- PMC3780287
- OpenAlex
- W2013073123
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Lymphatic Research and Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2od008780-01)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K99HL111343)
- National Cancer Institute (R00CA137167)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI097745)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB015903)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lymphatic Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, secondary lymphoid organs, immune regulation, lymphedema, lymphatic dysfunction, inflammation, cancer, infection, immune surveillance, lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Lymphatic Diseases, Lymphatic Metastasis, Lymphatic System, Models, Biological, Lymphangiogenesis, Lymphatic Vessels
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