Cognitive impairment by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis: analysis of gut microbiota-brain communication
Open accessAbstract
Emerging evidence indicates that disruption of the gut microbial community (dysbiosis) impairs mental health. Germ-free mice and antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis are two approaches to establish causality in gut microbiota-brain relationships. However, both models have limitations, as germ-free mice display alterations in blood-brain barrier and brain ultrastructure and antibiotics may act directly on the brain. We hypothesized that the concerns related to antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can only adequately be addressed if the effect of intragastric treatment of adult mice with multiple antibiotics on (i) gut microbial community, (ii) metabolite profile in the colon, (iii) circulating metabolites, (iv) expression of neuronal signaling molecules in distinct brain areas and (v) cognitive behavior is systematically investigated. Of the antibiotics used (ampicillin, bacitracin, meropenem, neomycin, vancomycin), ampicillin had some oral bioavailability but did not enter the brain. 16S rDNA sequencing confirmed antibiotic-induced microbial community disruption, and metabolomics revealed that gut dysbiosis was associated with depletion of bacteria-derived metabolites in the colon and alterations of lipid species and converted microbe-derived molecules in the plasma. Importantly, novel object recognition, but not spatial, memory was impaired in antibiotic-treated mice. This cognitive deficit was associated with brain region-specific changes in the expression of cognition-relevant signaling molecules, notably brain-derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter and neuropeptide Y system. We conclude that circulating metabolites and the cerebral neuropeptide Y system play an important role in the cognitive impairment and dysregulation of cerebral signaling molecules due to antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis.
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Antibiotic administration to laboratory animals has been shown to influence behaviors such as sociability and anxiety.
“antibiotic administration to laboratory animals has been shown to influence behaviors such as sociability and anxiety (Degroote et al., 2016;Frohlich et al., 2016;Guida et al., 2018).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Frohlich et al., 2016
The Discussion (page unavailable) explicitly says anxiety-like behavior was unchanged in the antibiotic-treated mice, contrary to the claim’s anxiety example. The Methods list no sociability test; the Results instead report impaired novel-object recognition memory. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cognitive deficit from antibiotic depletion might be associated with changes in the expression of cognition-relevant signaling molecules such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, and the neuropeptide Y system.
“This cognitive deficit might be associated with changes in the expression of cognition-relevant signaling molecules such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter and neuropeptide Y system (119).”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [119]
However, anxiety- or depression-like behaviors were unaffected in these animals.
“However, anxiety-or depression-like behaviors were unaffected in these animals [25].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics alters tryptophan metabolism and expression of BDNF, NMDA receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, noradrenaline, and vasopressin.
“Administration has been shown to alter tryptophan metabolism and BDNF, NMDA receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, noradrenaline, and vasopressin expression (382, 383).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [383]
Antibiotic administration to adult mice causes cognitive deficits associated with brain region-specific changes in BDNF, NMDA receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, and NPY.
“Frohlich et al. administered antibiotics to adult mice and demonstrated that the resultant cognitive deficits were associated with brain region-specific changes in BDNF, NMDA receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, and NPY (383).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [383]
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BackgroundInteractions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease
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- Authors
- Fröhlich, E. E., Farzi, A., Mayerhofer, R., Reichmann, F., Jačan, A., Wagner, B., Zinser, E., Bordag, N., Magnes, C., Fröhlich, E., Kashofer, K., Gorkiewicz, G., & Holzer, P.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences (AT)
- Center For Biomarker Research In Medicine (AT)
- Joanneum Research (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Fröhlich, Esther E.
- Holzer, Peter
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 56
- Pages
- 140-155
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5014122
- OpenAlex
- W2277411172
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 17
- FWCI
- 28.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- FH JOANNEUM ePUB (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P25912-B23, W1241-B18)
- Medical University of Graz
- Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology
- Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy
- Land Steiermark
- Styrian Business Promotion Agency
- Vienna Business Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis, gut-brain axis, cognitive impairment, novel object recognition memory, circulating metabolites, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NMDA receptor subunit 2B, serotonin transporter, ampicillin, germ-free mice, brain region-specific gene expression, gut microbiota metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Brain, Colon, Disease Models, Animal, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Recognition, Psychology, Mice, Metabolomics, Cognitive Dysfunction, Dysbiosis, Spatial Memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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