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Effects of n−3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation
Open accessAbstract
Background Effects of fish oil supplements on metabolic variables are insufficiently clarified in type 2 diabetes.Objective We aimed to investigate short-term (1 wk) and longer-term (9 wk) effects of n-3 fatty acids.Design Twenty-six subjects with type 2 diabetes without hypertriacylglycerolemia participated in a double-blind controlled study. Median intake in the intervention group was 17.6 mL fish oil/d (1.8 g 20:5n-3, 3.0 g 22:6n-3, and 5.9 g total n-3 fatty acids). The control group received 17.8 mL corn oil/d (8.5 g 18:2n-6).Results Plasma phospholipid 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased, whereas 18:2n-6 decreased, in the fish oil group compared with the corn oil group after 1 wk. The two n-3 fatty acids also increased in adipose tissue biopsy samples taken after 9 wk in the fish oil group. Glucose concentrations (home-monitored) were approximately 1 mmol/L higher in the fish oil group than in the corn oil group at the end of the intervention (P = 0.035). Glucose utilization measured by using an isoglycemic clamp was lowered in the fish oil group compared with that in the corn oil group at the end of the intervention (P = 0.049), whereas glucagon-stimulated C-peptide tended to increase (P = 0.078). The fish oil group utilized less fat for oxidation after 1 wk, with a change to more fat and less carbohydrate oxidation after 9 wk (P = 0.040), than did the corn oil group.Conclusion A high intake of fish oil moderately increases blood glucose and decreases insulin sensitivity in persons with type 2 diabetes without hypertriacylglycerolemia and alters carbohydrate and fat utilization in a time-dependent manner.
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“rather, increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation is likely.”
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“Clinical studies have shown that OM3FA treatment increases fatty acid oxidation, as determined by indirect calorimetry [35, 36].”
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“Mostad and colleagues (2006) observed that the short term response to intake of omega-3 PUFAs was a decrease in fat oxidation but the opposite effect was observed after nine weeks [92].”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health (2015) · cites this paper as [92]
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“Finally, two studies found a detrimental effect, manifested as an increase in small, dense LDL particle concentration [29,30].”
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“inconsistent results, with omega-3 PUFA supplementation found to both decrease [29] and improve [30] insulin sensitivity.”
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“PUFA n-3 can affect weight loss through different mechanisms, such as increased fat oxidation and energy expenditure (Mostad et al., 2006), induction of apoptosis in adipocytes (Pérez-Matute et al.”
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“It may increase hepatic gluconeogenesis [34] by increasing uptake and oxidation of free fatty acids in the liver [35] and lowering triacylglycerol [36], or it could lower glucose utilization and increase glucagon-stimulated C-peptide [37].”
BackgroundCalder, P. C. (2022) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000845 · Cited by 25
“Studies report that supplemental EPA+DHA increase whole body fat oxidation in healthy community-dwelling older females [19] and in patients with type-2 diabetes [20], as assessed using indirect calorimetry, although a study in healthy young males did not see this effect [21].”
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“Another study of 26 patients with type 2 diabetes found that supplementation with fish oil (5.9 g n-3 FA) or corn oil (8.5 g LA) for 9 weeks significantly increased AT levels of EPA and DHA but not LA (127).”
InfluentialNutritional Profiles in a Public Health Perspective: A Critical Review
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“Our results agree with those of Mostad et al., [25] who could not find better fasting insulin concentrations after omega-3 supplementation.”
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health: Revealing Potentials of Functional Food
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“showed that n‐3 PUFA supplementation in type‐2 diabetic and obese patients did not improve insulin sensitivity, although those patients had improved lipid metabolism [78].”
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“In addition, interventional studies carried out in Eskimos demonstrated that long-term consumption of marine foodstuffs rich in EPA and DHA contributed to the prevention of T2D [24, 25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, L., Huang, X., Sun, M., Zheng, T., Zheng, L., Lin, X., Ruan, J., & Lin, F. Y. (2024) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-024-00262-w · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Bjorgaas, M. R., Lydersen, S., & Grill, V.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Mostad, Ingrid L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 540-550
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2151700012
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 10.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2007-06-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering (Stiftelsen Dam)
- Novo Nordisk
- Diabetesforbundet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil supplementation, type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitivity, glucose utilization, substrate oxidation, plasma phospholipids, adipose tissue fatty acids, corn oil, C-peptide, blood glucose
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Double-Blind Method, Female, Fish Oils, Hemostasis, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Phospholipids, Time Factors, Glucose Clamp Technique, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Dietary Supplements, Carbohydrate Metabolism
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