Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Open accessAbstract
Background The long-term relations between specific types of dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes remain unclear.Objective Our objective was to examine the relations between dietary fat intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes.Design We prospectively followed 84204 women aged 34-59 y with no diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in 1980. Detailed dietary information was assessed at baseline and updated in 1984, 1986, and 1990 by using validated questionnaires. Relative risks of type 2 diabetes were obtained from pooled logistic models adjusted for nondietary and dietary covariates.Results During 14 y of follow-up, 2507 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Total fat intake, compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates, was not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes; for a 5% increase in total energy from fat, the relative risk (RR) was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02). Intakes of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids were also not significantly associated with the risk of diabetes. However, for a 5% increase in energy from polyunsaturated fat, the RR was 0.63 (0.53, 0.76; P < 0.0001) and for a 2% increase in energy from trans fatty acids the RR was 1.39 (1.15, 1.67; P = 0.0006). We estimated that replacing 2% of energy from trans fatty acids isoenergetically with polyunsaturated fat would lead to a 40% lower risk (RR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.75).Conclusions These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. Substituting nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fatty acids for trans fatty acids would likely reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes substantially.
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Trans fatty acid intake has been associated with elevated inflammatory markers and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
“For example, trans fatty acid intake has been associated with elevated inflammatory markers and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (51,52).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [52]
In large cohort studies, saturated fat is not associated with development of T2DM, after adjustment for BMI, total dietary fiber, or magnesium intake.
“in large cohort studies, saturated fat is not associated with development of T2DM, after adjustment for BMI, total dietary fiber, or magnesium intake (144–149).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [146]
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Diet, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Zoning in on Data for Atkins Dieters Living in South Beach
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Alcohol Intake and 8‐Year Weight Gain in Women: A Prospective Study
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Fat Consumption and HbA1c Levels
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- Authors
- Salmerón, J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rimm, E. B., & Willett, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1019-1026
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963454752
- Cited by
- 818
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 42.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-40356)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 36798, R01DK036798)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dietary fat, trans fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, women, fat replacement, diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Stereoisomerism, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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