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Cited by 541Diet and metabolism studiesMuscle metabolism and nutritionDietary Effects on Health

A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles during Weight Loss in Adult Women

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Layman, Donald K., Boileau, Richard A., Erickson, Donna J., Painter, James E., Shiue, Harn, Sather, Carl, Christou, Demtra D.·2003·The Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/jn/133.2.411
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Abstract

Claims about the merits or risks of carbohydrate (CHO) vs. protein for weight loss diets are extensive, yet the ideal ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein for adult health and weight management remains unknown. This study examined the efficacy of two weight loss diets with modified CHO/protein ratios to change body composition and blood lipids in adult women. Women (n = 24; 45 to 56 y old) with body mass indices >26 kg/m(2) were assigned to either a CHO Group consuming a diet with a CHO/protein ratio of 3.5 (68 g protein/d) or a Protein Group with a ratio of 1.4 (125 g protein/d). Diets were isoenergetic, providing 7100 kJ/d, and similar amounts of fat ( approximately 50 g/d). After consuming the diets for 10 wk, the CHO Group lost 6.96 +/- 1.36 kg body weight and the Protein Group lost 7.53 +/- 1.44 kg. Weight loss in the Protein Group was partitioned to a significantly higher loss of fat/lean (6.3 +/- 1.2 g/g) compared with the CHO Group (3.8 +/- 0.9). Both groups had significant reductions in serum cholesterol ( approximately 10%), whereas the Protein Group also had significant reductions in triacylglycerols (TAG) (21%) and the ratio of TAG/HDL cholesterol (23%). Women in the CHO Group had higher insulin responses to meals and postprandial hypoglycemia, whereas women in the Protein Group reported greater satiety. This study demonstrates that increasing the proportion of protein to carbohydrate in the diet of adult women has positive effects on body composition, blood lipids, glucose homeostasis and satiety during weight loss.

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Crossref · 10.1093/jn/133.2.411

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  • Increasing dietary protein can promote loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.

    “can also promote the loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [41]

    The Results and Discussion report that adult women on a reduced-energy, higher-protein diet lost a greater proportion of fat relative to lean mass. The protein intake was about twice the RDA, but the study did not test an exercise program: Subjects and Methods say physical activity was kept constant. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature.

    “Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature (54, 56, 96, 98, 101-108).”

    From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [101]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says the ideal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio remains unknown and that few experimental studies exist. The Results (page unavailable) report a trend toward less lean-body-mass loss with higher protein intake (P = 0.07), but the paper does not describe conflicting findings in the literature about preservation of fat-free mass; its Discussion cites similar findings from other studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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  • Compliance is known to increase when the foods are provided.

    “However, compliance is known to increase when the foods are provided [34,48,56,64,66]”

    From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [66]

    The Subjects and Methods section (page unavailable) says participants received all food during the first four weeks and followed the menu plan at home for the next six. It does not report whether compliance differed between those periods or state that providing food increases compliance; searches for compliance and adherence found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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  • Skeletal muscle shows plasticity and can undergo conversion between different fiber types in response to exercise training, modulation of motoneuron activity, or castration.

    “Skeletal muscle shows plasticity and can undergo conversion between different fiber types in response to exercise training, modulation of motoneuron activity, or castration (55).”

    From Anabolic effect of plant brassinosteroid (2011) · cites this paper as [55]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. U. S. Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Ser- vices (1995) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4th ed., Home and Garden bulletin 232. DHHS, Washington, DC.

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Authors
Layman, D. K., Boileau, R. A., Erickson, D. J., Painter, J. E., Shiue, H., Sather, C., & Christou, D. D.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author
Layman, Donald K.
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-02
Volume
133
Issue
2
Pages
411-417
ISSN
0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/jn/133.2.411
OpenAlex
W1895133111
Cited by
541
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 38
FWCI
16.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
weight loss, body composition, serum lipids, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose homeostasis, insulin response, postprandial hypoglycemia, satiety, high-protein diet, adult women, overweight
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin, Lipids, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss

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