Mechanism of Amino Acid-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Plasma concentrations of amino acids are frequently elevated in insulin-resistant states, and a protein-enriched diet can impair glucose metabolism. This study examined effects of short-term plasma amino acid (AA) elevation on whole-body glucose disposal and cellular insulin action in skeletal muscle. Seven healthy men were studied for 5.5 h during euglycemic (5.5 mmol/l), hyperinsulinemic (430 pmol/l), fasting glucagon (65 ng/l), and growth hormone (0.4 microg/l) somatostatin clamp tests in the presence of low (approximately 1.6 mmol/l) and increased (approximately 4.6 mmol/l) plasma AA concentrations. Glucose turnover was measured with D-[6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose. Intramuscular concentrations of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) were monitored using (13)C and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. A approximately 2.1-fold elevation of plasma AAs reduced whole-body glucose disposal by 25% (P < 0.01). Rates of muscle glycogen synthesis decreased by 64% (180--315 min, 24 plus minus 3; control, 67 plus minus 10 micromol center dot l(-1) center dot min(-1); P < 0.01), which was accompanied by a reduction in G6P starting at 130 min (DeltaG6P(260--300 min), 18 plus minus 19; control, 103 plus minus 33 micromol/l; P < 0.05). In conclusion, plasma amino acid elevation induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans by inhibition of glucose transport/phosphorylation, resulting in marked reduction of glycogen synthesis.
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Studies of branched-chain amino acid supplementation in animals and humans indicate that circulating amino acids may directly promote insulin resistance, possibly by disrupting insulin signaling in skeletal muscle.
“Studies of branched chain amino acid supplementation in both animals14 and humans22 indicate that circulating amino acids may directly promote insulin resistance, possibly via disruption of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle.”
From Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Krebs, M., Krssak, M., Bernroider, E., Anderwald, C., Brehm, A., Meyerspeer, M., Nowotny, P., Roth, E., Waldhäusl, W., & Roden, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2002-03-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 599-605
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2127459955
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- amino acids, skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, muscle glycogen synthesis, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose transport, glucose phosphorylation, hyperaminoacidemia, protein-enriched diet, glucose turnover
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Diphosphate, Adult, Amino Acids, Blood Glucose, Deuterium, Epinephrine, Fasting, Glucagon, Glycogen, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Kinetics, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Phosphates, Phosphocreatine, Phosphorylation, Somatostatin, Glucose Clamp Technique, Muscle, Skeletal, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Human Growth Hormone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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