Cited by 432Face Recognition and PerceptionAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAction Observation and Synchronization

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The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond

Pierce, K.·2004·Brain

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Abstract

Past functional MRI (FMRI) studies of autism have reported reduced activation in response to the faces of strangers primarily in the 'fusiform face area' (FFA). An alternative and potentially stronger test of FFA function in autism is one that attempts to affect levels of FFA activity using factors believed to modulate function in this brain region, such as face familiarity and the perception of face identity. The current study presented personally meaningful faces, such as mother and co-worker, as well as stranger faces in a rapid event-related FMRI design. Seven autistic and nine normal control adults participated and pressed a button in response to all female faces. A deconvolution analysis revealed significant FFA activity in response to familiar and stranger faces in both autism and normal control groups. Individuals with autism also showed greater fusiform activity in response to familiar faces than stranger faces, as well as the prototypical right hemisphere dominance in response to both types of faces. Normal subjects showed additional activation to familiar faces in the posterior cingulate, amygdala and medial frontal lobes, including the anterior cingulate. Subjects with autism showed a similar, but more limited, network in response to familiar faces. This network included the amygdala and implies that this structure, involved in multiple socio-emotional functions, can be responsive in autism in the presence of stimuli that represent high reward value, such as mother's face. Furthermore, the presence of a distinct network to process familiar faces in autism, one that included limbic structures and was not found in response to the faces of strangers, suggests socio-emotional processing in autism. A potentially noteworthy trend, however, was evidence for a reduction in medial frontal lobe function in the autism group. The main finding of FFA activity in autism stands in contrast to most past FMRI studies of face processing in this disorder. This positive result may reflect the use of personally significant faces that enhanced attention and motivation in the autistic participants. Furthermore, given the proposed role of the FFA in establishing person identity, the use of almost a dozen different personally familiar faces for each participant (totalling 32 non-repeating faces) may have additionally maximized FFA involvement. Therefore, dysfunction in the FFA found in other studies of autism may reflect defects in systems that modulate the FFA, rather than the FFA itself.

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“Interestingly, the most consistently replicated neurofunctional finding in autistic patients is FFA hypoactivation to face perception (Pierce et al 2004; Schultz et al 2003).”

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Authors: Pierce, K.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Pierce, K.
ORCID: Pierce, K.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2004-11-10
Volume: 127
Issue: 12
Pages: 2703-2716
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh289
OpenAlex: W2025319978
Cited by: 432
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 10.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH36840, K01-MH01814, R01MH036840, K01MH001814)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, fusiform face area, face familiarity, face processing, face identity, amygdala, socio-emotional processing, right hemisphere dominance, medial frontal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Autistic Disorder, Brain Mapping, Discrimination, Psychological, Face, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Photography, Temporal Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Recognition, Psychology

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The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond

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