Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy.

“There is now substantial evidence that avoidance and overengagement with emotions are associated with worse psychological and health outcomes (Gross, 2002; Salovey, Rothman, Detweiler, & Steward, 2002; Segerstrom, Stanton, Alden, & Shortridge, 2003).”

“We also wanted to minimize dhyana, due to concerns that extensive sitting meditation may be difficult for meditation-naïve, currently depressed individuals (Finucane & Mercer, 2006; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000).”

“In addition, neuroticism is known tobepositivelyassociatedwitha tendency to ruminate (Costa and McCrae1992) andwith avoidantbehavior (Lommenet al. 2010), both being mechanisms exacerbating negative mood and both being counteracted by mindfulness (Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“As such, this construct has clear overlap with dimensions of emotion regulation and related constructs (see Hayes & Feldman, 2004), and is likely incompatible with (and protective against) the emotional avoidance and emotion dysregulation found to be associated with eating pathology.”

“This may occur through appropriate engagement with emotions, rather than over- or under-engagement with emotional experiences (Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“Despite speculation remaining as to how long mindfulness must be practiced in order to achieve a benefit (Arch and Craske 2006; Taylor and Mireault 2008), mindfulness training is thought to assist people cope with strong emotional states (Arch and Craske 2006; Hayes and Feldman 2004; Linehan 1993a).”

“This difference may be implicated in the differences in neural stress reactivity observed herein, as it has been previously proposed that awareness and acceptance (rather than avoidance and reduction) of emotional states is a mechanism of behavioral change across various disorders (e.g., Baer, 2003; Fjorback et al., 2…”

“…and Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan 2003), Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (Buchheld et al. 2001), Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness (Baer et al. 2004), Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale (Feldman et al. 2004; Hayes and Feldman 2004), and the Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick et al. 2005).”

“Individuals higher in dispositional mindfulness were better able to separate cognitions and emotions from the self thereby reducing over-engagement with emotions (Bowlin and Baer 2012; Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“This does not necessarily imply feeling ‘happier’, or being free of worries or negative emotions, but rather acquiring skills to take a more detached attitude towards such experiences, which otherwise would carry away the individual (e.g. Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“Researchers have agreed that ER is a central part of mental health and that many forms of psychopathology are attributable to dysfunctional ER (Hayes and Feldman, 2004).”

“To address this issue, there has been a concerted effort to develop theoretically-driven assessment instruments for specific types of mindfulness constructs (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Conte, Ratto, & Karasu, 1996; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“In addition, mindfulness may lead to a reduction in the use of experiential avoidance strategies which can be detrimental to mental health when used to avoid emotions, thoughts, memories and physical sensations (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Mindful attention, as developed by Brown and Ryan (2003), is only one type of mindfulness construct and others have postulated different but related conceptualizations (e.g. Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Mindfulness practice is hypothesized to develop a distanced or decentered relationship with one’s internal and external experiences, which decreases emotional reactivity [2].”

“In fact, it is also noteworthy that mindfulness is itself a well-respected emotion regulation intervention (Chambers et al. 2009; Hayes and Feldman 2004; Linehan 1993a, b).”

“…it is hypothesized that MBI provides individuals with the ability to develop a distanced relationship between internal and external experiences, which in return may assist with decreasing emotional reactivity (Hayes & Feldman, 2004) and support one’s resilience to cope with stressful life events.”

“…interventions and therapies, whether explicit or implicit, exclusive or integrated as one more component in a treatment program composed of a multitude of clinical elements or techniques (Baer, 2003; Germer, Siegel, & Fulton, 2005; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Hayes, Follete, & Linehan, 2004).”

“R; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“These dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are activated when the person in distress reacts to emotional discomfort—transforming it in an emotional disorder—by activating repetitive cycles of so-called Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) that feed on themselves for two main reasons: they are mistakenly conceived as func…”

“These attributes of mindfulness are regarded as potentially effective antidotes against common forms of psychological distress because specific forms of self-focused attention can heighten or maintain psychopathology (Hayes and Feldman 2004), e.”

“Therefore, it is more likely for them to experience failure in communication as well as the establishment and maintenance of relationships (Rieffe et al., 2006; Heaven et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2017).”

“Mindfulness involves engaging with the pain rather than distraction using nonelaborative awareness of thoughts, feelings and sensations and an emotionally distanced relationship with internal and eternal experience (Hayes and Feldman, 2004; Baer, 2003).”

“Hayes and Shenk ( 2004 ) expanded this definition to include the creation of contexts that undermine “behavior designed to understand, predict, evaluate, avoid … or otherwise create a situation other than the situation that is present” (p.”

“Mindfulness modulates the pain using non-elaborative awareness of thoughts, feelings, sensations, and an emotionally distanced relationship with internal and external experience (23).”

“ness is regarded as an adaptive response to unwanted internal events (Baer, 2010; Dorjee, 2010; Grabovac et al. 2011; Hayes and Feldman, 2004).”

“Aside from this, mindfulness may also regulate negative emotion by RN. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral flexibility are important elements of mindfulness (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Shapiro et al., 2006) or cognitive behavior therapy (Stallard et al., 2005).”

“…of mindfulness are related to less over-engagement with emotions (e.g., worry, rumination, and overgeneralization), as well as less under-engagement (e.g., thought suppression and experiential avoidance) (Brown and Ryan, 2003; Baer et al., 2004; Hayes and Feldman, 2004; Feldman et al., 2007).”

“Langer (1989, 1997) and Langer and Moldoveanu (2000) and current independent work within clinical psychology (Baer, 2003; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Teasdale, 1999) and neuroscience (Farb et al., 2007) point to the cognitive style of mindfulness as being very important for comprehensively transforming…”

“Both HRV and mindfulness have also been associated with emotion regulation (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Roemer et al., 2009; Thayer et al., 2012), and mindfulness may be associated with the concurrent increases in positive emotions (Chan et al., 2008).”

“…they are in some way associated (Chiesa, Serretti, & Jakobsen, 2013; Teper, Segal, & Inzlicht, 2013; Garland, Farb, Goldin, & Fredrickson, 2015; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Roemer, Williams, & Rollins, 2015; Chambers, Gullone, & Allen, 2009), very little research has been devoted to both the…”

“This transient increase of stress (Hayes and Feldman 2004) which may occur in the process”

“In addition, mindfulness (including mindful observation) has long been viewed as an adaptive affect-regulation strategy within Eastern traditions and Western psychology alike (cf. A. Hayes & Feldman, 2004; H.H.”

“Hayes and Feldman (2004) suggest that mindfulness may facilitate adaptive emotion regulation, perhaps particularly through the cultivation of compassionate awareness.”

“Bishop et al, 2004 ; Hayes & Feldman, 2004 ; Kabat-Zinn, 1990 ; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002 ).”

“Although there are a number of mindfulness measures currently in use (see Baer, Smith & Allen, 2004; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Kreitemeyer & Toney, 2006; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Buccheld, Grossman & Walach, 2002; Hayes & Feldman, 2004), general agreement on what constitutes mindfulness has not been reached.”

“sponding less to PA (Rottenberg et al., 2002; Hayes and Feldman, 2004), Feldman et al.”

“Mindfulness is considered as a potentially effective antidote against common forms of psychological distress, many of which involve the maladaptive tendencies to suppress, over-engage with, or avoid one’s distressing thoughts and emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Keng et al., 2011).”

“…cognitions, emotions, and imaginal experiences in the moment (Germer, Siegel, & Fulton, 2005) can lead individuals to broader and deeper self-awareness regarding their attachments and the ways they tend to cling to goals, people, and relationships (Baer, 2003; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Hirst, 2003).”

“Emotional avoidance strategies would include emotion suppression, distraction, denial, rationalization, substance use, dissociation, and repression, whereas emotional overengagement includes rumination, worry, and obsessions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“First, mindfulness emphasizes non-judgmental awareness and healthy engagement with emotions to experience rather than suppress them (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“On the one hand, therapeutic approaches such as ACT adapt the concept of mindfulness to the paradigm of mainstream Western psychology, arguing that meditation practice is not necessary (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Bunlar üçüncü dalga bilişsel-davranışçı terapiler olarak adlandırmaktadır (Hayes 2004).”

“Other theorized benefits of mindfulness training are improving affect tolerance (Fulton, 2005), flexibility (Adele & Feldman, 2004), equanimity (Morgan & Morgan, 2005), concentration and mental clarity (Young, 1997), emotional intelligence (Walsh & Shapiro, 2006), coping with anxiety and anger…”

“The FFMQ is a 39-item self-report measure that was developed by integrating items from the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan 2003), Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI; Bucheld et al. 2001), Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer et al. 2004), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (Fe…”

“Only few empirical studies support the hypothesis that even a brief mindfulness induction among subjects without previous experience of meditation allows an effective reduction of both positive and negative emotions.”

“Some elements of mindfulness are thought of as useful buffers which can be used in the face of issues of distress (Kabat-Zinn, 1990; Hayes and Feldman, 2004; Keng et al., 2011).”

“It is clear that clinical scientists from disparate theoretical orientations believe that acceptance and mindfulness, and perhaps affect regulatory processes more generally, may be critical components in anxiety vulnerability ( Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002).”

“Trait mindfulness correlates positively with the ability to endure uncomfortable emotions and feelings (Hayes and Feldman 2004), decreased impact of harmful emotional events (Kabat-Zinn 1990) and lower emotion reactivity (Baer et al.”

“In addition, one of the remarkable effects of mindfulness is to improve the patient’s mood state and emotion management [18].”

“The aim in this stage is to enhance awareness with a stable attention skill (Didonna, 2009), essential for being fully present in this moment, developing an efficiency in self-regulation (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Although the relationship between mindfulness, emotional processes and wellbeing is not yet fully understood, Hayes and Feldman (2004) argue that mindfulness training enhances emotion regulation abilities by changing an individual’s relationship with their emotions.”

“Perhaps mindfulness, particularly in relation to emotional awareness, constitutes one proximal factor that influences emotion regulatory capacity in BPD, consistent with research in other samples (Arch & Craske, 2006; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Individuals with a high level of mindfulness tend to observe and accept their thoughts and emotions rather than avoiding, suppressing or over-engaging with them [10].”