Cited by 759Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesSodium Intake and HealthCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

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Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

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Dickinson, Heather O, Mason, James M, Nicolson, Donald J, Campbell, Fiona, Beyer, Fiona R, Cook, Julia V, Williams, Bryan, Ford, Gary A·2006·Journal of Hypertension

DOI 10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26

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Abstract

PURPOSE: To quantify effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for hypertension. DATA SOURCES: Electronic bibliographic databases from 1998 onwards, existing guidelines, systematic reviews. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA ABSTRACTION: We included randomized, controlled trials with at least 8 weeks' follow-up, comparing lifestyle with control interventions, enrolling adults with blood pressure at least 140/85 mmHg. Primary outcome measures were systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Two independent reviewers selected trials and abstracted data; differences were resolved by discussion. RESULTS: We categorized trials by type of intervention and used random effects meta-analysis to combine mean differences between endpoint blood pressure in treatment and control groups in 105 trials randomizing 6805 participants. Robust statistically significant effects were found for improved diet, aerobic exercise, alcohol and sodium restriction, and fish oil supplements: mean reductions in systolic blood pressure of 5.0 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-7.0], 4.6 mmHg (95% CI: 2.0-7.1), 3.8 mmHg (95% CI: 1.4-6.1), 3.6 mmHg (95% CI: 2.5-4.6) and 2.3 mmHg (95% CI: 0.2-4.3), respectively, with corresponding reductions in diastolic blood pressure. Relaxation significantly reduced blood pressure only when compared with non-intervention controls. We found no robust evidence of any important effect on blood pressure of potassium, magnesium or calcium supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with elevated blood pressure should follow a weight-reducing diet, take regular exercise, and restrict alcohol and salt intake. Available evidence does not support relaxation therapies, calcium, magnesium or potassium supplements to reduce blood pressure.

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Authors: Dickinson, H. O., Mason, J. M., Nicolson, D. J., Campbell, F., Beyer, F. R., Cook, J. V., Williams, B., & Ford, G. A.
Affiliations: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (GB)
Durham University (GB)
University of Leeds (GB)
University of Leicester (GB)
Royal Victoria Infirmary (GB)
Corresponding author: Dickinson, Heather O
ORCID: Mason, James M
Campbell, Fiona
Beyer, Fiona R
Williams, Bryan
Ford, Gary A
Venue: Journal of Hypertension
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2006-02
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 215-233
ISSN: 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26
OpenAlex: W2092678169
Cited by: 759
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 6.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: hypertension, lifestyle intervention, blood pressure reduction, dietary intervention, aerobic exercise, alcohol restriction, sodium restriction, fish oil supplements, relaxation training, mineral supplements, weight loss diet
MeSH terms: Administrative Personnel, Blood Pressure, Calcium, Dietary, Diet, Fish Oils, Humans, Hypertension, Life Style, Magnesium, Potassium, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

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