Aβ Species Removal After Aβ 42 Immunization
Abstract
Neuropathologic examination of 3 patients with Alzheimer disease in the Elan Pharmaceuticals trial using antibodies specific for different Abeta species showed in one case, 4 months after the immunization, evidence of a stage of active plaque clearance with "moth-eaten" plaques and abundant Abeta phagocytosis by microglia. At 1 to 2 years after immunization, 2 cases showed extensive areas cleared of plaques (69% and 86% of the temporal cortex was plaque-free). Cortex cleared of plaques in all 3 cases had a characteristic constellation of features, including a very low plaque burden, sparse residual dense plaque cores, and phagocytosed Abeta within microglia. There was resolution of tau-containing dystrophic neurites, although other features of tau pathology (tangles and neuropil threads) remained and cerebral amyloid angiopathy persisted. Although most antibodies generated by Abeta42 immunization in humans bind the intact N-terminus, immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies showed clearance of all major species of Abeta (Abeta40, Abeta42, and N-terminus truncated Abeta). Abeta immunotherapy can clear all Abeta species from the cortex. However, if it is to be used for treatment of established Alzheimer disease, then the residual tau pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy require further study.
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In one human study, a vaccine to Aβ reduced plaque burden.
“In one human study, a vaccine to Aβ did reduce plaque burden, a remarkable technical achievement [248, 249].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [249]
Anti-Aβ immunotherapy in individuals with mid- to late-stage clinical AD partially cleared AβPs, but this clearance did not seem to mitigate NFT formation or the inexorable disease course.
“There have been cases in which individuals with mid- to late-stage clinical AD were administered anti-Aβ immunotherapy that partially cleared AβPs, but this clearance did not seem to mitigate NFT formation or the inexorable disease course (69-71).”
From Correlation of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes With Cognitive Status: A Review of the Literature (2012) · cites this paper as [69]
Aβ vaccine trials attest to the ability of the immune system to clear diffuse AβPs.
“Aβ vaccine trials also attest to the ability of the immune system to clear diffuse AβPs (69, 70, 271), but it is not known whether toxic APP metabolites or other plaque components remain after clearance of fibrillar Aβ-peptides (73, 272).”
From Correlation of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes With Cognitive Status: A Review of the Literature (2012) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Nicoll, J. A. R., Barton, E., Boche, D., Neal, J. W., Ferrer, I., Thompson, P., Vlachouli, C., Wilkinson, D., Bayer, A., Games, D., Seubert, P., Schenk, D., & Holmes, C.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- University Hospital of Wales (GB)
- Bellvitge University Hospital (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Boche, Delphine
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1040-1048
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6578
- OpenAlex
- W1823419340
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 14.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta immunotherapy, plaque clearance, microglial phagocytosis, tau pathology, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, neuropathology
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Amino Acid Sequence, Brain, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Immunohistochemistry, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Fragments, Phagocytosis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Microglia, Microscopy, Confocal, Neuropil Threads, Alzheimer Vaccines
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