Microglia-Mediated Neuroprotection, TREM2, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence From Optical Imaging
Open accessAbstract
Recent genetic studies have provided overwhelming evidence of the involvement of microglia-related molecular networks in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanisms by which microglia alter the course of AD neuropathology remain poorly understood. Here we discuss current evidence of the neuroprotective functions of microglia with a focus on optical imaging studies that have revealed a role of these cells in the encapsulation of amyloid deposits ("microglia barrier"). This barrier modulates the degree of plaque compaction, amyloid fibril surface area, and insulation from adjacent axons thereby reducing neurotoxicity. We discuss findings implicating genetic variants of the microglia receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, in the increased risk of late onset AD. We provide evidence that increased AD risk may be at least partly mediated by deficient microglia polarization toward amyloid deposits, resulting in ineffective plaque encapsulation and reduced plaque compaction, which is associated with worsened axonal pathology. Finally, we propose possible avenues for therapeutic targeting of plaque-associated microglia with the goal of enhancing the microglia barrier and potentially reducing disease progression.
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In AD brain, microglia tightly cluster and cover around Aβ plaques and protect surrounding tissues from neurotoxicity and Aβ deposits.
“The microglia in the AD brain tightly cluster and cover around Aβ plagues and protect surrounding tissues from neurotoxicity and Aβ deposits.49, 50”
From Acoustofluidic assembly of 3D neurospheroids to model Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
The Introduction says microglia cluster around Aβ deposits in AD, and “Microglia processes form a neuroprotective barrier around plaques” describes tight wrapping that may limit fibril outgrowth. That section presents protection from plaque-associated toxicity as a hypothesis supported by observations in an AD mouse model, not as established protection of surrounding tissue from Aβ deposits in all AD brains. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
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Xie, M., Wang, T., Feng, J., Ma, D., Feng, L., & Hao, Y. (2025) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x23666250225091729 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Lipidomics Analysis of Human HMC3 Microglial Cells in an In Vitro Model of Metabolic Syndrome
Chmielarz, M., Bromke, M. A., Olbromski, M., Środa-Pomianek, K., Frej−Mądrzak, M., Dzięgiel, P., & Sobieszczańska, B. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14101238 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Role of vitamin D3 in mitigating sodium arsenite-induced neurotoxicity in male rats
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- Authors
- Condello, C., Yuan, P., & Grutzendler, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grutzendler, Jaime
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 377-387
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5767550
- OpenAlex
- W2764165275
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl106815-06)
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG048181, R01AG027855, RF1AG058257, P50AG047270)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL106815)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS089734)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- microglia, neuroprotection, TREM2, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, amyloid fibrils, axonal pathology, microglial polarization, microglia-targeted therapy, optical imaging
- MeSH terms
- Neuroprotection, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Microglia, Optical Imaging
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