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Sleep Problems, Depression, Substance Use, Social Bonding, and Quality of Life in Professional Firefighters
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OBJECTIVE: Little attention has been given to factors contributing to firefighters' psychosomatic well-being. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine such contributing factors in a sample of professional firefighters. METHODS: Measures assessing sleep, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life were examined in 112 firefighters. RESULTS: Overall, many firefighters reported sleep deprivation (59%), binge drinking behavior (58%), poor mental well-being (21%), current nicotine use (20%), hazardous drinking behavior (14%), depression (11%), poor physical well-being (8%), caffeine overuse (5%), or poor social bonding (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Small-to-medium correlations were identified between sleep deprivation, depression, physical/mental well-being, and drinking behaviors. High-risk behaviors that impact psychosomatic well-being are prevalent in professional firefighters, which require environmental and individual-based health promotion interventions. The inter-correlation relationships between such behaviors, therefore, need to be explored in further details.
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“These physical and psychological stressors encountered every working shift have been shown to lead to increased risk for major health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression [7,8,9].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This required alertness significantly impacts sleep while on shift and may also impact sleep patterns off shift as well, leading to sleep deprivations, severe circadian dysrhythmias, and possibly chronically impaired sleep patterns [7,13].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Mental health conditions common in firefighters include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance abuse which may cause a greater risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts [7,29,30,31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Cary et al. [7] showed that 59% of full-time firefighters in a metropolitan area of the United States reported sleep deprivation which was measured with the PSQI and ESS questionnaires as well as a 3-day actigraphy motion logger.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In a sample of 112 firefighters, 58% displayed binge drinking behavior, 20% identified as nicotine users, and 5% met criteria for caffeine overuse (i.e., >700 mg/day) [7].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Substance abuse has been reported by over half of professional firefighters [7].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“it has also been linked to other mental health conditions such as PTSD [94], depression [7], and sleep quality [7] in firefighters.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“it has also been linked to other mental health conditions such as PTSD [94], depression [7], and sleep quality [7] in firefighters.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“while past research has found that individual stressors such as harassment (Hom et al., 2017), sleep disturbances (Carey et al., 2011; Hom et al., 2016), and social disconnectedness (Chu et al., 2016) are associated with suicide-related symptoms among firefighter samples”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as Carey et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Firefighters experience long, irregular shifts, and unpredictable emergencies, all of which are associated with lowered mood, fatigue and alertness, and disordered sleep [7,30].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S.
- Affiliations
- D'Youville University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carey, Mary G.
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 928-933
- ISSN
- 1076-2752 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3486736
- OpenAlex
- W2102784848
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 17.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R21NR011077)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- firefighters, sleep deprivation, depression, substance use, binge drinking, nicotine use, social bonding, quality of life, psychosomatic well-being, occupational health, health promotion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Coffee, Depression, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Object Attachment, Occupational Diseases, Quality of Life, Sleep Wake Disorders, Smoking, Social Behavior, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders, Firefighters
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