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The homeostatic astroglia emerges from evolutionary specialization of neural cells

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Verkhratsky, Alexei, Nedergaard, Maiken·2016·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI 10.1098/rstb.2015.0428PMC PMC4938028
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Abstract

Evolution of the nervous system progressed through cellular diversification and specialization of functions. Conceptually, the nervous system is composed from electrically excitable neuronal networks connected with chemical synapses and non-excitable glial cells that provide for homeostasis and defence. Astrocytes are integrated into neural networks through multipartite synapses; astroglial perisynaptic processes closely enwrap synaptic contacts and control homeostasis of the synaptic cleft, supply neurons with glutamate and GABA obligatory precursor glutamine and contribute to synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. In neuropathology, astrocytes may undergo reactive remodelling or degeneration; to a large extent, astroglial reactions define progression of the pathology and neurological outcome. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca 2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.

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  • Despite extensive studies in rodent models, the specific contributions of astrocytes to human pathology remain inadequately understood, partly due to species-specific differences.

    “Despite extensive studies in rodent models, the specific contributions of astrocytes to human pathology remain inadequately understood, partly due to species-specific differences (17–20).”

    From Varicose projection astrocytes: Conserved reactive cells in brain pathology (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    Section 3, “Singular human astrocytes” (page unavailable), describes substantial differences between human and rodent astrocytes. Section 7, “Neuropathology as a homeostatic failure” (page unavailable), discusses astrocyte contributions to disease and includes a rat experiment. The paper does not say that their contributions to human pathology remain inadequately understood because of species differences, or characterize the extent of rodent-model research. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Verkhratsky, A., & Nedergaard, M.
Affiliations
  • Ikerbasque (ES)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
  • Verkhratsky, Alexei
  • Nedergaard, Maiken
ORCID
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2016-08-05
Volume
371
Issue
1700
Pages
20150428
ISSN
  • 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-2970
DOI
10.1098/rstb.2015.0428
PMC
PMC4938028
OpenAlex
W2469873988
Cited by
133
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
FWCI
1.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (contract 14.581.21.00.16, Project ID RFMEFI158115X0016)
  • Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (No. 643417, (DACAPO-AD))
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
astrocytes, nervous system evolution, glial cells, synaptic homeostasis, glutamine, synaptic plasticity, reactive astrogliosis, astrocyte degeneration
MeSH terms
Astrocytes, Biological Evolution, Homeostasis, Neurons, Synapses

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