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Energy Efficient Low-Noise Neural Recording Amplifier With Enhanced Noise Efficiency Factor
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a neural recording amplifier array suitable for large-scale integration with multielectrode arrays in very low-power microelectronic cortical implants. The proposed amplifier is one of the most energy-efficient structures reported to date, which theoretically achieves an effective noise efficiency factor (NEF) smaller than the limit that can be achieved by any existing amplifier topology, which utilizes a differential pair input stage. The proposed architecture, which is referred to as a partial operational transconductance amplifier sharing architecture, results in a significant reduction of power dissipation as well as silicon area, in addition to the very low NEF. The effect of mismatch on crosstalk between channels and the tradeoff between noise and crosstalk are theoretically analyzed. Moreover, a mathematical model of the nonlinearity of the amplifier is derived, and its accuracy is confirmed by simulations and measurements. For an array of four neural amplifiers, measurement results show a midband gain of 39.4 dB and a -3-dB bandwidth ranging from 10 Hz to 7.2 kHz. The input-referred noise integrated from 10 Hz to 100 kHz is measured at 3.5 μVrms and the power consumption is 7.92 μW from a 1.8-V supply, which corresponds to NEF = 3.35. The worst-case crosstalk and common-mode rejection ratio within the desired bandwidth are - 43.5 dB and 70.1 dB, respectively, and the active silicon area of each amplifier is 256 μm × 256 μm in 0.18-μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology.
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“A recent work by Majidzadeh et al. [78] demonstrated how to share the reference branch of one front-end amplifier among multiple channels.”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Recent studies have attempted to reduce the silicon area by using smaller unit capacitors or reducing the amplifier gain [77, 78].”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
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“[3] demonstrates a micro-power neural recording amplifier with improved noise efficiency factor.”
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“A dedicated LNA followed by a moderate-resolution ADC has been the dominant candidate (Figure 3) [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41].”
BackgroundAshayeri, M., & Yavari, M. (2024) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2024.08.090 · Cited by 7
Kumaragamage, C., Lithgow, B., & Moussavi, Z. (2014) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-13-6 · Cited by 7
“Parameters [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] CED ampifier This work”
BackgroundYang, G., Chen, J., Jönsson, F., Tenhunen, H., & Zheng, L. (2012) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.5555/2492708.2492821 · Cited by 7
Design and Implementation of Low Noise Amplifier in Neural Signal Analysis
Bansal, M., & Singh, D. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1384-8_2 · Cited by 7
Modelling and analysis of a modified preamplifier for seizure detection
Devi, S., Guha, K., Laskar, N. M., Nath, S., Baishnab, K. L., Iannacci, J., & Narayan, K. S. (2021) · Microsystem Technologies · doi:10.1007/s00542-020-05114-y · Cited by 7
A multi-channel analog IC forin vitroneural recording
Feng, Y., Wang, Z., & Lü, X. (2016) · Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.1088/1674-4926/37/2/025007 · Cited by 7
An Experimental Reliability Study of Pseudo-Resistors in Biomedical Applications
Reich, S., Fritschi, D., Sporer, M., & Ortmanns, M. (2022) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937987 · Cited by 7
“However, significant drawbacks are described in the literature: Authors in [8] reported pseudoresistor variations of 100x over process and temperature, which would result in unpredictable and unreliable front-end circuitry, and reference [12] to justify a limitation to 8 bits of”
BackgroundLow power amplifier for biopotential signal acquisition system
Pratyusha, K., Kumar, S., & Kumari, A. (2015) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) · doi:10.1109/icacci.2015.7275629 · Cited by 7
A 1.8 µW area-efficient bio-potential amplifier with 90 dB DC offset suppression
Zhang, J., Chan, S. C., & Wang, L. (2014) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908408 · Cited by 6
“Among the DC suppression schemes, capacitor feedback network with AC coupling of input devices to block the DC offset is popular in previous designs [4], [5], [10-12].”
A low-power capacitive-feedback CMOS neural recording amplifier for biomedical applications
Kim, H. S., & Cha, H. (2016) · International SoC Design Conference · doi:10.1109/isocc.2016.7799786 · Cited by 6
Ramshur, J. T., Morshed, B. I., Curry, A. L. D. J., & Waters, R. S. (2019) · BMC Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1186/s42490-019-0019-7 · Cited by 6
A 1V low-power low-noise biopotential amplifier based on flipped voltage follower
Farouk, T., Elkhatib, M., & Dessouky, M. A. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs.2015.7440373 · Cited by 6
“Majidzadeh 2011 [8] 10-7.”
Ultra-Low Power Application-Specific Integrated Circuits for Sensing
Kassanos, P., Ip, H., & Yang, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_5 · Cited by 6
Facile Deep Brain Electrode Coating with MXene for Improved Electrode Performance
Kondrataviciute, L., Valiante, T. A., Milosevic, L., Kalia, L. V., Kim, D. W., & Kalia, S. K. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202501169 · Cited by 7
A CMOS frontend chip for implantable neural recording with wide voltage supply range
Liu, J., Zhang, X., Hu, X., Guo, Y., Li, P., Liu, M., Li, B., & Chen, H. (2015) · Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.1088/1674-4926/36/10/105003 · Cited by 5
A novel compressive sensing architecture for high-density biological signal recording
Shoaran, M., Afshari, H., & Schmid, A. (2014) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2014.6981633 · Cited by 5
“Parameter [8] [9] [6] [10] This Work Technology [μm CMOS] 0.”
Self-citationIn Vitro Study of Artifact-Recovery Using a 32-Channel Neuromodulator Platform
Reich, S., Fritschi, D., Sporer, M., & Ortmanns, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3255549 · Cited by 5
“[7], [8], [9] via a large resistance in the feedback network, in many cases realized with a pseudo-resistor.”
BackgroundDesign of low noise amplifier for sensor applications
Jana, D., & Mal, A. K. (2017) · Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC) · doi:10.1109/devic.2017.8073990 · Cited by 5
“Parameters [2] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [17] (2003) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2013) (2014) (2014) (2015) Voltage 2.”
Compact, Programmable, Two-Stage Configuration for Implantable Biopotential Recording Amplifiers
Maghami, M. H., & Sodagar, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Circuits Systems and Computers · doi:10.1142/s0218126619200093 · Cited by 5
Abdelgaliel, B. H., Exalto, M., Ou-Yang, Y.-H., & Muratore, D. G. (2024) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas61083.2024.10798201 · Cited by 4
“Partially shared OTAs optimize area and power consumption but can lead to gain leakage and crosstalk, limiting sharing to a few channels [19].”
A low-noise fully differential recycling folded cascode neural amplifier
Cerida, S., Raygada, E., Silva, C., & Monge, M. (2015) · IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) · doi:10.1109/lascas.2015.7250497 · Cited by 4
“For an adequate performance of the acquisition system, the requirement is that the inputreferred noise should be less than extracellular and electrodes background noise, approximately 5 – 10 μVrms [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA low-power current-reuse dual-band analog front-end for multi-channel neural signal recording
Sepehrian, H., & Gosselin, B. J. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944818 · Cited by 4
Zbrzeski, A., Lewis, N., Rummens, F., Jung, R., N’Kaoua, G., Benazzouz, A., & Renaud, S. (2013) · Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.3390/jlpea3030279 · Cited by 4
“Even with a low amplification gain, the NA noise and power/area performances are reasonable compared to that of other high gain amplifiers with the same topology [17–19,33–37].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA low-noise gain-tunable amplifier for large array biopotential recording systems
Li, Y.-G., Haider, M. R., & Massoud, Y. (2012) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s10470-012-0013-7 · Cited by 4
Continuous-time micropower interface for neural recording applications
Elia, M., Leene, L. B., & Constandinou, T. G. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2016.7527295 · Cited by 3
“Parameter This work [8] [9] [10] Power [W] 1.”
BackgroundDemonstration of a fully differential VGA chip with small THD for ECG acquisition system
Xiao, G., Qin, Y., Xu, W., Wei, B., Duan, J., & Wei, X. (2015) · Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.1088/1674-4926/36/10/105005 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Majidzadeh, V., Schmid, A., & Leblebici, Y.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- ORCID
- Schmid, Alexandre
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 262-271
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2164282321
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- infoscience.epfl.ch
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Keywords
- noise efficiency factor, low-power amplifier, microelectrode arrays, cortical implants, crosstalk, common-mode rejection ratio, amplifier nonlinearity, input-referred noise, energy efficiency
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