Evidence for a pure time perception deficit in children with ADHD
Open accessAbstract
Background: Deficits have been found previously in children with ADHD on tasks of time reproduction, time production and motor timing, implicating a deficit in temporal processing abilities, which has been interpreted as either secondary or primary to core executive dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to explore further the abilities of hyperactive children in skills of time estimation, using a range of time perception tasks in different temporal domains. Method: Time estimation was tested in a verbal estimation task of 10 seconds. Time reproduction was also acquired for two time intervals of 5 and 12 seconds. A temporal discrimination task aimed to determine the idiosyncratic threshold of minimum time interval (in milliseconds) necessary to distinguish two intervals differing by approximately 300 milliseconds. Twenty‐two children diagnosed with ADHD were compared to 22 healthy children, matched for age, handedness and working memory skills. Results: Children with ADHD were significantly impaired in their time discrimination threshold: on average, time intervals had to be 50 ms longer for the hyperactive children in order to be discriminated when compared with controls. Children with ADHD also responded earlier on a 12‐second reproduction task, which however only approached significance after controlling for IQ and short‐term memory. No group differences were found for the 5‐second time reproduction or verbal time estimation tasks. Conclusions: The findings suggest that children with ADHD perform poorly on time reproduction tasks which load heavily on impulsiveness and attentional processes and they also suggest that these children may have a perceptual deficit of time discrimination, which may only be detectable in brief durations which differ by several hundred milliseconds. A temporal perception deficit in the range of milliseconds in ADHD may impact upon other functions such as perceptual language skills and motor timing.
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Smith et al. found differing results for children with and without ADHD in a reproduction task when IQ and short-term memory were taken into account.
“For example, Smith et al. [44] found differing results for children with and without ADHD in a reproduction task when IQ and short-term memory were taken into account.”
A "pure" time perception deficit in ADHD has been assumed and its use for diagnostics has been discussed.
“Hence, a “pure” time perception deficit in ADHD has been assumed [44] and its use for diagnostics has been discussed [21].”
Time management and estimation of task duration differ between individuals diagnosed with ADHD and control groups, in both adulthood and childhood, as reflected in studies assessing estimation of short periods during psychological tests.
“Time management and the estimation of the likely duration of tasks differ among the users diagnosed with ADHD and those belonging to the control group, both in adulthood and in childhood. This difference has been reflected in many studies, especially by assessing the estimation of the length of short periods of time while performing specific psychological tests [10,11,12,13,14,15].”
From Adaptive Tele-Therapies Based on Serious Games for Health for People with Time-Management and Organisational Problems: Preliminary Results (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Smith, A., Taylor, E., Warner Rogers, J., Newman, S., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Anna
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-04-21
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 529-542
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2013607451
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, time perception, time estimation, time reproduction, temporal discrimination, temporal processing, hyperactivity, children, impulsivity, executive dysfunction, motor timing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Time Perception, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder
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