Cross-sectional evaluation of cognitive functioning in children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, albeit with changes in clinical symptoms throughout the life span. Although effect sizes of neuropsychological deficits in ADHD are well established, developmental approaches have rarely been explored and little is yet known about age-dependent changes in cognitive dysfunction from childhood to adulthood. In this cross-sectional study, 20 male children (8-12 years), 20 adolescents (13-16 years), and 20 adults (18-40 years) with ADHD and a matched control group were investigated using six experimental paradigms tapping into different domains of cognitive dysfunction. Subjects with ADHD were more delay-aversive and showed deficits in time discrimination and time reproduction, but they were not impaired in working memory, interference control or time production. Independent of age, the most robust group differences were observed with respect to delay aversion and time reproduction, pointing to persistent dysfunction in the mesolimbic reward circuitry and in the frontal-striatal-cerebellar timing system in subjects with ADHD. Across all tasks, effect sizes were lowest for adolescents with ADHD compared to age-matched controls. Developmental dissociations were found only for simple stimuli comparison, which was particularly impaired in ADHD children. Thus, in line with current multiple-pathway approaches to ADHD, our data suggest that deficits in different cognitive domains are persistent across the lifespan, albeit less pronounced in adolescents with ADHD.
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Another study of adults with ADHD using multiple time intervals found errors predominantly at 36 and 48 seconds.
“However, another study, which examined time estimation in adults with ADHD using several time intervals (2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 seconds), found that the patients produced errors predominantly at interval durations of 36 and 48 seconds (Marx et al., 2010).”
From Cognitive heterogeneity in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic analysis of neuropsychological measurements (2015) · cites this paper as Marx et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Marx, I., Hübner, T., Herpertz, S. C., Berger, C., Reuter, E., Kircher, T., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Rostock (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Marx, Ivo
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2009-12-02
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 403-419
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2017147845
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognitive impairment, developmental changes, delay aversion, temporal discrimination, time reproduction, working memory, interference control, mesolimbic reward circuitry, children, adolescents, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Time Factors, Time Perception, Young Adult
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