No Need to Watch: How the Effects of Partisan Media Can Spread via Interpersonal Discussions
Abstract
To what extent do partisan media sources shape public opinion? On its face, it would appear that the impact of partisan media is limited, given that it attracts a relatively small audience. We argue, however, that its influence may extend beyond its direct audience via a two‐step communication flow. Specifically, those who watch and are impacted by partisan media outlets talk to and persuade others who did not watch. We present experimental results that demonstrate this process. We therefore show that previous studies may have significantly underestimated the effect of these outlets. We also illustrate that how the two‐step communication flow works is contingent upon the precise composition of the discussion group (e.g., is it consistent of all fellow partisans or a mix of partisans?). We conclude by highlighting what our results imply about the study of media, preference formation, and partisan polarization.
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Polarization effects can still spread through a two-step communication process whereby individuals who have been exposed to partisan media influence co-partisans who have not been directly exposed, thereby increasing overall levels of attitudinal extremity.
“polarization effects can still spread through a two-step communication process whereby individuals who have been exposed to partisan media influence co-partisans who have not been directly exposed (Fig. 2), thereby increasing overall levels of attitudinal extremity253.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [253]
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Campaigns influence election outcomes less than you think
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- Authors
- Druckman, J. N., Levendusky, M. S., & McLain, A.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Political Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-112
- ISSN
- 0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5907
- OpenAlex
- W1684208437
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 78.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Political Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Penn's PORES program and Northwestern's Institute for Policy Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Keywords
- partisan media, two-step flow of communication, interpersonal persuasion, public opinion formation, media influence, partisan polarization, preference formation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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