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Cited by 59Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesConservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementEcosystem dynamics and resilience

Feedback in tropical forests of the Anthropocene

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Flores, Bernardo M., Staal, Arie·2022·Global Change Biology
DOI 10.1111/gcb.16293PMC PMC9542052
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Abstract

Tropical forests are complex systems containing myriad interactions and feedbacks with their biotic and abiotic environments, but as the world changes fast, the future of these ecosystems becomes increasingly uncertain. In particular, global stressors may unbalance the feedbacks that stabilize tropical forests, allowing other feedbacks to propel undesired changes in the whole ecosystem. Here, we review the scientific literature across various fields, compiling known interactions of tropical forests with their environment, including the global climate, rainfall, aerosols, fire, soils, fauna, and human activities. We identify 170 individual interactions among 32 elements that we present as a global tropical forest network, including countless feedback loops that may emerge from different combinations of interactions. We illustrate our findings with three cases involving urgent sustainability issues: (1) wildfires in wetlands of South America; (2) forest encroachment in African savanna landscapes; and (3) synergistic threats to the peatland forests of Borneo. Our findings reveal an unexplored world of feedbacks that shape the dynamics of tropical forests. The interactions and feedbacks identified here can guide future qualitative and quantitative research on the complexities of tropical forests, allowing societies to manage the nonlinear responses of these ecosystems in the Anthropocene.

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  • Diversity of other organisms, such as frugivores and pollinators, also increases forest resilience by stabilizing ecological networks.

    “Diversity of other organisms, such as frugivores and pollinators, also increases forest resilience by stabilizing ecological networks15,112.”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

    The ‘Interactions with fauna’ section says frugivores aid recovery through seed dispersal and pollinators support tree reproduction; ‘A network of interactions’ describes a feedback linking both groups to forest cover. The paper does not establish that greater diversity of these organisms increases resilience by stabilizing ecological networks. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These emerging positive feedback loops could accelerate a systemic transition of the Amazon forest.

    “These emerging positive feedback loops could accelerate a systemic transition of the Amazon forest15.”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Introduction and “A network of interactions” section say positive feedback can amplify change and sometimes propel tropical forests into contrasting states. The South America case study discusses Amazon deforestation disrupting rainfall, but its illustrated consequences concern wildfire risk in the Pantanal; it does not specifically say these loops could accelerate a systemic transition of the Amazon forest. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These alternative trajectories may be irreversible or transient depending on the strength of novel interactions.

    “These alternative trajectories may be irreversible or transient depending on the strength of the novel interactions15.”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Conclusions (page not available) say that the balance of strong and weak feedbacks will determine how global changes affect tropical forests. The ‘A network of interactions’ section (page not available) says positive feedbacks can propel forests to a contrasting state, but our copy does not say whether the resulting trajectories are irreversible or transient. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These forests may naturally regrow through forest succession, yet because of feedbacks, succession can become arrested, keeping forests persistently degraded.

    “These forests may naturally regrow through forest succession, yet because of feedbacks15, succession can become arrested, keeping forests persistently degraded (Fig. 4).”

    From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

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Authors
Flores, B. M., & Staal, A.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author
  • Flores, Bernardo M.
  • Staal, Arie
ORCID
Venue
Global Change Biology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-06-30
Volume
28
Issue
17
Pages
5041-5061
ISSN
  • 1354-1013 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2486
DOI
10.1111/gcb.16293
PMC
PMC9542052
OpenAlex
W4283738385
Cited by
59
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 1
FWCI
1.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Global Change Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Instituto Serrapilheira (Serra‐1709‐18983)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (VI.Veni.202.170)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
Keywords
tropical forests, ecosystem feedbacks, Anthropocene, forest-climate interactions, rainfall, aerosols, forest fires, wetland fires, peatland forest, Borneo, human impact on forests, ecosystem stability
MeSH terms
Feedback, Fires, Humans, Trees, Tropical Climate, Ecosystem, Forests

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