MTP1-dependent Zn sequestration into shoot vacuoles suggests dual roles in Zn tolerance and accumulation in Zn-hyperaccumulating plants
Open accessAbstract
The integral membrane protein Thlaspi goesingense metal tolerance protein 1 (TgMTP1) has been suggested to play an important role in Zn hyperaccumulation in T. goesingense. Here, we show that the TgMTP1 protein is accumulated to high levels at the vacuolar membrane in shoot tissue of T. goesingense. TgMTP1 is likely to act in the transport of Zn into the vacuole, enhancing both Zn accumulation and tolerance. By specifically expressing TgMTP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots, we show that TgMTP1, localized at the vacuolar membrane, can drive the enhanced shoot accumulation of Zn by initiating a systemic Zn deficiency response. The systematic response includes increased expression of Zn transporters (ZIP3, ZIP4, ZIP5 and ZIP9) in both shoot and root tissue. Furthermore, shoot-specific accumulation of TgMTP1 at the vacuolar membrane also leads to increased resistance to Zn in A. thaliana, probably through enhanced Zn compartmentalization in the vacuole. Such evidence leads to the conclusion that the high levels of TgMTP1 at the vacuolar membrane in shoot tissue of the Zn hyperaccumulator T. goesingense play a role in both Zn tolerance and enhanced Zn uptake and accumulation, via the activation of a systemic Zn deficiency response.
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MTP1 was overexpressed in A. halleri and N. caerulescens to transport Zn and Cd.
“Moreover, MTP1 was overexpressed in A. halleri and N. caerulescens to transport Zn and Cd (Dräger et al., 2004; Gustin et al., 2009).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Gustin et al., 2009
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports high MTP1 transcript levels in A. halleri and T. caerulescens and suggests a role in Zn hyperaccumulation. It does not establish that MTP1 transports Cd in either species; the paper’s transport evidence concerns Zn. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransformation of TgMTP1 in A. thaliana resulted in enhanced accumulation of Zn into vacuoles, attributing to Zn tolerance.
“The transformation of TgMTP1 in A. thaliana resulted in enhanced accumulation of Zn into vacuoles, attributing to Zn tolerance (Gustin et al., 2009).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Gustin et al., 2009
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“Furthermore, high Cd vacuolar sequestration would provide an enhanced vacuolar sink for Cd, as already observed for METAL TOLERANCE PROTEIN 1 and Zn root-to-shoot translocation (Gustin et al. , 2009).”
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“porters in both roots and shoots [32], inferring that it might act as a gene activator of Zn transporters.”
BackgroundMolecular regulation of zinc deficiency responses in plants
Zeng, H., Wu, H., Yan, F., Yi, K., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153419 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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“shoot vacuoles (MTP1) (Gustin et al. 2009) may also play an important role in the sequestration of Cd in the”
BackgroundReducing heavy metal contamination in soil and water using phytoremediation
Zhakypbek, Y., Kossalbayev, B. D., Belkozhayev, A. M., Murat, T., Tursbekov, S., Abdalimov, E., Pashkovskiy, P., Kreslavski, V., Kuznetsov, V., & Allakhverdiev, S. I. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13111534 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Thus, metal tolerance protein 1 (TgMTP1) is suggested to play an important role in Zn hyperaccumulation in T. goesingense [100].”
BackgroundCation transporters/channels in plants: Tools for nutrient biofortification
Pinto, E., & Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. (2015) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2015.02.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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BackgroundCoping Mechanisms of Plants to Metal Contaminated Soil
Mehes-Smith, M., Nkongolo, K. K. C., & Cholew, E. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/55124 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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“MTP1, belonging to the Group I members of CDF familyeZn-CDFs, a gene encoding a protein localized at tonoplast, is highly overexpressed in the leaves of Zn/Ni hyperaccumulator plants (Dräger et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Hammond et al., 2006; Gustin et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultLow-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation
Seregin, I. V., & Kozhevnikova, A. D. (2021) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/s11120-020-00768-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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SaZIP4, an uptake transporter of Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance
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Moving up, down, and everywhere: signaling of micronutrients in plants
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“thaliana enhanced Zn accumulation in the shoot [54].”
BackgroundZinc isotopic fractionation in Phragmites australis in response to toxic levels of zinc
Caldelas, C., Dong, S., Araus, J. L., & Weiss, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erq414 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Zinc is transferred into the vacuoles by metal tolerance proteins (MTPs) localized to the tonoplast (Blaudez et al., 2003; Dräger et al., 2004; Desbrosses-Fonrouge et al., 2005; Arrivault et al., 2006; Gustin et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTowards Understanding Plant Response to Heavy Metal Stress
Yang, Z., & Chu, C. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/24204 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Responses of Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins in Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
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Comparative understanding of metal hyperaccumulation in plants: a mini-review
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“…thaliana microarray system revealed that genes that control many key steps of metal transport and chelation exhibit increased expression (Becher et al. 2004; Weber et al. 2004, 2005; Chiang et al. 2006; Filatov et al. 2006; Hammond et al. 2006; Talke et al. 2006; van de Mortel et al. 2006).”
BackgroundHow metal hyperaccumulating plants can advance Zn biofortification
Clemens, S. (2016) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-016-2920-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Such secondary activation of Zn acquisition pathways can also be seen when in the non- hyperaccumulator A. thaliana vacuolar Zn storage is enhanced through the overexpression of an MTP1 gene (Gustin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPhytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals: Techniques and Strategies
Pinto, A. P., de Varennes, A., Fonseca, R., & Teixeira, D. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10395-2_10 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Control of Zn uptake in Arabidopsis halleri: a balance between Zn and Fe
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“…Zn transporter, is highly expressed in both roots and shoots of A. halleri and also linked to a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) responsible for Zn tolerance (Drager et al., 2004; Kobae et al., 2004; Gustin et al., 2009; Kawachi et al., 2009; Shahzad et al., 2010; Willems et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCalcium Deficiency Triggers Phloem Remobilization of Cadmium in a Hyperaccumulating Species
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“…recent research presented a Ca2+-transporting P-type ATPase, ACA8, as a novel candidate for Cd accumulation in the hyperaccumulatorN. caerulescens (Halimaa et al., 2014), and a gene encoding a Ca2+/H+ antiporter, CAX1, was identified as a candidate gene for Cd tolerance in A. halleri (Baliardini…”
BackgroundBiomolecular approaches to understanding metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants
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New Insights into the Transport Mechanisms in Plant Vacuoles
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Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals
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“Our findings suggest that the enhanced Cd contents might be due to the up-regulation of various Zn transporter genes, such as AtZIP3 , AtZIP4 , and AtZIP9 , by CaWRKY41 (Supplementary Fig.”
InfluentialKawachi, M., Kobae, Y., Kogawa, S., Mimura, T., Krämer, U., & Maeshima, M. (2012) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08613.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Approach
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“…when expressed in yeast (Delhaize et al., 2003), TgMTP1 from T. goesingense was localized to both the plasma membrane (in yeast cells and protoplasts of A. thaliana shoot tissues) and vacuolar membranes (in A. thaliana and T. goesingense shoot tissues) (Kim et al., 2004; Gustin et al., 2009).”
InfluentialCurrent understanding of plant zinc homeostasis regulation mechanisms
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“MTP1 is a Zn transporter in the vacuolar membrane that mediates Zn detoxification and drives leaf Zn accumulation in Zn hyperaccumulator plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Thlaspi goesingense (Desbrosses-Fonrouge et al., 2005; Gustin et al., 2009; Kobae et al., 2004).”
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“The localization of SaMTP1 was the same with the localization of AtMTP1, AhMTP1 and TgMTP1 [12,16,17].”
BackgroundPhysiology and Molecular Biology of Trace Element Hyperaccumulation
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“TcMTP1, the CDF transporter in heavy metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense, is accumulated to high levels at the tonoplast of shoot cells, participating in the enhanced tolerance of the plant to Zn and Cd (Persans et al., 2001; Gustin et al., 2009).”
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“In this regard, free histidine has been proposed to play a key role in metal translocation through the xylem along with the participation of Zn transporters to take up the metal into the cytosol and vacuole (Mills et al. 2005; Gustin et al. 2009; Maestri et al. 2010).”
BackgroundZinc-Solubilizing Bacteria: An Option to Increase Zinc Uptake by Plants
Haroon, M., Khan, S. T., & Malik, A. R. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76609-2_11 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gustin, J. L., Loureiro, M. E., Kim, D., Na, G., Tikhonova, M., & Salt, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BR)
- Gyeongsang National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Salt, David E.
- ORCID
- Gustin, Jeffery L.
- Venue
- The Plant Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1116-1127
- ISSN
- 0960-7412 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-313X
- OpenAlex
- W2119893617
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Plant Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Purdue University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Keywords
- metal tolerance proteins, zinc hyperaccumulation, tonoplast, zinc tolerance, ZIP transporters, zinc uptake, Arabidopsis thaliana transformation, metal hyperaccumulator plants
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Sequence Data, Plant Proteins, Vacuoles, Zinc, Sequence Alignment, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Shoots, Cation Transport Proteins, Thlaspi
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