Neurogenic niche modulation by activated microglia: transforming growth factor β increases neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSC) proliferate and differentiate depending on the composition of the cellular and molecular niche in which they are immersed. Until recently, microglial cells have been ignored as part of the neurogenic niche. We studied the dynamics of NSC proliferation and differentiation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) and characterized the changes of the neurogenic niche in adrenalectomized animals (ADX). At the cellular level, we found increased NSC proliferation and neurogenesis in the ADX animals. In addition, a morphologically distinct subpopulation of NSC (Nestin+/GFAP-) with increased proliferating profile was detected. Interestingly, the number of microglial cells at stages 2 and 3 of activation correlated with increased neurogenesis (r2 = 0.999) and the number of Nestin-positive cells (r2 = 0.96). At the molecular level, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA levels were increased 10-fold in ADX animals. Interestingly, TGF-beta levels correlated with the amount of neurogenesis detected (r2 = 0.99) and the number of stage 2 and 3 microglial cells (r2 = 0.94). Furthermore, blockade of TGF-beta biological activity by administration of an anti-TGF-beta type II receptor antibody diminished the percentage of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/PSA-NCAM-positive cells in vivo. Moreover, TGF-beta was able to promote neurogenesis in NSC primary cultures. This work supports the idea that activated microglial cells are not pro- or anti-neurogenic per se, but the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory secreted molecules influences the final effect of this activation. Importantly, we identified an anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-beta, with neurogenic potential in the adult brain.
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Microglia participate in stem cell proliferation and survival through their release of trophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
“Microglia participate in stem cell proliferation and survival through their release of important trophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Battista et al., 2006; Borsini et al., 2015).”
From Adult neurogenesis, glia, and the extracellular matrix (2019) · cites this paper as Battista et al., 2006
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Battista, D., Ferrari, C. C., Gage, F. H., & Pitossi, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pitossi, Fernando J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-93
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W2146394305
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- microglial activation, neurogenic niche, adult neurogenesis, adult neural stem cells, dentate gyrus, hippocampus, TGF-beta, adrenalectomy, anti-inflammatory cytokines, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Adrenalectomy, Animals, Antibodies, Bromodeoxyuridine, Cell Count, Cells, Cultured, Diagnostic Imaging, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Immunohistochemistry, Intermediate Filament Proteins, Male, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Proteoglycans, Radioimmunoassay, RNA, Messenger, Sialic Acids, Stem Cells, Time Factors, Tubulin, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Rats, Wistar, Microglia, Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Dentate Gyrus, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1, Cell Proliferation, Rats, Nestin
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