Glucose sensors: a review of current and emerging technology
Open accessAbstract
Glucose monitoring technology has been used in the management of diabetes for three decades. Traditional devices use enzymatic methods to measure glucose concentration and provide point sample information. More recently continuous glucose monitoring devices have become available providing more detailed data on glucose excursions. In future applications the continuous glucose sensor may become a critical component of the closed loop insulin delivery system and, as such, must be selective, rapid, predictable and acceptable for continuous patient use. Many potential sensing modalities are being pursued including optical and transdermal techniques. This review aims to summarize existing technology, the methods for assessing glucose sensing devices and provide an overview of emergent sensing modalities.
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Microdialysis avoids direct sensor implantation, but in vivo glucose recovery is erratic because of the foreign body response.
“Microdialysis avoids direct implantation of a sensor but the glucose measurement (i.e., recovery) remains erratic in vivo due to the foreign body response.19,24–25”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
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Wearable smart sensor systems integrated on soft contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics
Kim, J., Kim, M., Lee, M.-S., Kim, K., Ji, S., Kim, Y.-T., Park, J., Na, K., Bae, K.-H., Kyun Kim, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14997 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Tattoo-Based Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Bandodkar, A. J., Jia, W., Yardımcı, C., Wang, X., Ramirez, J., & Wang, J. (2015) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac504300n · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review
Tang, L., Chang, S. J., Chen, C.-J., & Liu, J.-T. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20236925 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
A Tale of Two Compartments: Interstitial Versus Blood Glucose Monitoring
Cengiz, E., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2009) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2009.0002 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices
Nichols, S. P., Koh, A., Storm, W. L., Shin, J. H., & Schoenfisch, M. H. (2013) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr300387j · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Advanced Materials for Health Monitoring with Skin‐Based Wearable Devices
Jin, H., Abu‐Raya, Y. S., & Haick, H. (2017) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201700024 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Technologies for Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Problems and Future Promises
Vaddiraju, S., Burgess, D. J., Tomazos, I., Jain, F. C., & Papadimitrakopoulos, F. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681000400632 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Review of Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone
Shokrekhodaei, M., & Quinones, S. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20051251 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Ngoepe, M., Choonara, Y., Tyagi, C., Tomar, L., Du Toit, L., Kumar, P., Ndesendo, V., & Pillay, V. (2013) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s130607680 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Evolution of Devices in Diabetes Management
Penfornis, A., Personeni, E., & Borot, S. (2011) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0058 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Limits to the Evaluation of the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems by Clinical Trials
Schrangl, P., Reiterer, F., Heinemann, L., Freckmann, G., & Del Re, L. (2018) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios8020050 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Revisiting the Use of Biological Fluids for Noninvasive Glucose Detection
Zhao, M., & Leung, P. S. (2020) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc-2020-0019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Oliver, N. S., Toumazou, C., Cass, A. E. G., & Johnston, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 197-210
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2043928972
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- glucose sensor, continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes management, artificial pancreas, enzymatic glucose sensor, optical glucose sensing, glycemic excursions
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Equipment Design, Feedback, Humans, Biosensing Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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