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Cited by 491Electrochemical sensors and biosensorsSpectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical ResearchNon-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring

Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review

Open access
Tang, Liu, Chang, Shwu Jen, Chen, Ching-Jung, Liu, Jen-Tsai·2020·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s20236925PMC PMC7731259
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Abstract

In recent years, with the rise of global diabetes, a growing number of subjects are suffering from pain and infections caused by the invasive nature of mainstream commercial glucose meters. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has become an international research topic and a new method which could bring relief to a vast number of patients. This paper reviews the research progress and major challenges of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology in recent years, and divides it into three categories: optics, microwave and electrochemistry, based on the detection principle. The technology covers medical, materials, optics, electromagnetic wave, chemistry, biology, computational science and other related fields. The advantages and limitations of non-invasive and invasive technologies as well as electrochemistry and optics in non-invasives are compared horizontally in this paper. In addition, the current research achievements and limitations of non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensing systems in continuous monitoring, point-of-care and clinical settings are highlighted, so as to discuss the development tendency in future research. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market.

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  • Glucose levels in biofluids such as ISF, sweat, saliva, tears, and urine are correlated with those in the blood.

    “Indeed, it is remarkable that glucose levels in biofluids, such as ISF (Figure 4B), sweat (Figure 4C), saliva, tears, and urine (Figure 4 D, E, F, respectively) are correlated with those in the blood 76.”

    From Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices (2022) · cites this paper as [76]

    Section 5.2 reports correlations with blood glucose for ISF, saliva, and tears, and describes sweat glucose as lagging behind blood glucose. The Introduction (§1.1) says urine contains glucose, but the retrieved passages do not establish that urinary glucose levels correlate with blood glucose levels. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Enzymatic amperometric glucose sensors were the first and widespread glucose sensors available.

    “As stated above, over the years, enzymatic amperometric glucose sensors were the first and widespread glucose sensors available 76.”

    From Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices (2022) · cites this paper as [76]

  • Enzymatic sensors such as those based on glucose oxidase are more stable than other enzymes, easy to obtain, and cheap; however, GOx quickly loses activity at pH<2 or pH>8 and can be irrevocably damaged at temperatures above 40 °C.

    “It is widely known that enzymatic sensors such as those based on glucose oxidase are more stable than other enzymes, easy to obtain, and cheap; on the other hand, it quickly loses its activity at pH<2 or pH>8 and can be irrevocably damaged at temperatures above 40 °C 76.”

    From Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices (2022) · cites this paper as [76]

    Section 2.1 describes GOx-based electrodes, and Section 2.3 calls GOx-based sensors common, but neither addresses GOx’s stability relative to other enzymes, availability, or cost. Searches for the claimed pH limits and damage above 40 °C found no passage in our copy supporting those thresholds. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Tang, L., Chang, S. J., Chen, C.-J., & Liu, J.-T.
Affiliations
  • Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • I-Shou University (TW)
  • University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Chen, Ching-Jung
  • Liu, Jen-Tsai
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-12-04
Volume
20
Issue
23
Pages
6925
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s20236925
PMC
PMC7731259
OpenAlex
W3106856419
Cited by
481
References
149
Citations by year
2026: 66 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 32
FWCI
2.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Keywords
non-invasive glucose monitoring, diabetes mellitus, optical glucose sensing, electrochemical glucose sensor, continuous glucose monitoring, point-of-care testing, wearable sensors
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Blood Glucose, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Biosensing Techniques

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