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Switching between spatial stimulus–response mappings: a developmental study of cognitive flexibility
Abstract
Four different age groups (8-9-year-olds, 11-12-year-olds, 13-15-year-olds and young adults) performed a spatial rule-switch task in which the sorting rule had to be detected on the basis of feedback or on the basis of switch cues. Performance errors were examined on the basis of a recently introduced method of error scoring for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST; Barcelo & Knight, 2002). This method allowed us to differentiate between errors due to failure-to-maintain-set (distraction errors) and errors due to failure-to-switch-set (perseverative errors). The anticipated age differences in performance errors were most pronounced for perseverative errors between 8-9 years and 11-12 years, but for distraction errors adult levels were not reached until 13-15 years. These findings were interpreted to support the notion that set switching and set maintenance follow distinct developmental trajectories.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crone, E. A., Richard Ridderinkhof, K., Worm, M., Somsen, R. J. M., & Van Der Molen, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Crone, Eveline A.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-08-16
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-455
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- OpenAlex
- W2135167454
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- cognitive flexibility, set switching, set maintenance, perseverative errors, developmental trajectories, children, adolescents, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Attention, Child, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Cognition, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests
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