The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a time of considerable development at the level of behaviour, cognition and the brain. This article reviews histological and brain imaging studies that have demonstrated specific changes in neural architecture during puberty and adolescence, outlining trajectories of grey and white matter development. The implications of brain development for executive functions and social cognition during puberty and adolescence are discussed. Changes at the level of the brain and cognition may map onto behaviours commonly associated with adolescence. Finally, possible applications for education and social policy are briefly considered.
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Claims the paper makes
54 No full text of the sources · 29 Own interpretation · 24 Sources not found · 16 Not checked yet · 6 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a;Sowell et al., 2001;Gogtay et al., 2004).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al., 1999a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 2001 source
- Supportedcites Gogtay et al., 2004 source
The Abstract describes regional gray-matter density loss after puberty. The Discussion says the cause is unknown but explicitly proposes synaptic pruning as a possible partial explanation, matching the claim that the loss has been attributed to pruning. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Compared to adults, adolescents showed reduced recruitment of the right ventral striatum and right amygdala while anticipating responses for gains.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bjork et al., 2004 source
The paper’s opening summary (page not available) reports that adolescents showed less recruitment of the right ventral striatum and right-extended amygdala than young adults while anticipating responses for monetary gains versus nongains. The claim paraphrases this finding, though it shortens “right-extended amygdala” to “right amygdala.” (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Activation patterns during monetary gain notification did not differ between groups.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bjork et al., 2004 source
The paper states that brain activation after gain outcomes did not appreciably differ between adolescents and young adults. The Discussion also reports similar gain-notification responses in both groups, while distinguishing these from the group difference during gain anticipation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
In the paper
“A 10-20% increase in reaction time on the match-tosample task occurred at the onset of puberty in the 10-11-year-old group of girls and in the 11-12-yearold group of boys, compared to the previous year group of each sex (age 9-10 and 10-11 in girls and boys, respectively) (see Figure 4).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After puberty, from age 13-14, performance improved until it returned to the pre-pubescent level by the age of about 16-17 years.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results suggest that there is a dip in performance on this kind of task at the onset of puberty.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The corpus callosum, the dense mass of fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, has also been found to undergo region-specific growth during adolescence and up until the mid-twenties (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005;Giedd et al., 1999b;Pujol, Vendrell, Junque, Marti, & Josep, 1993).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies on post-mortem brain development suggest that development of cognitive processes associated with the frontal lobes may well continue throughout adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex have a rather different time course.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological studies of monkey and human prefrontal cortex have shown that there is a proliferation of synapses in the subgranular layers of the prefrontal cortex during childhood and again at puberty, followed by a plateau phase and a subsequent elimination and reorganisation of prefrontal synaptic connections after puberty (Huttenlocher, 1979;Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 1994;Woo, Pucak, K”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A further MRI study of 35 normally developing children (7-11 years), adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (23-30 years) demonstrated a sharp acceleration in the loss of grey matter between childhood and adolescence in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 2001 source
boosteddirectn = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies carried out in the 1970s and 1980s demonstrated that the structure of the prefrontal cortex undergoes significant changes during puberty and adolescence (Huttenlocher, 1979;Huttenlocher, De Courten, Garey, & Van Der Loos, 1983;Yakovlev & Lecours, 1967).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher, De Courten, Garey, & Van Der Loos, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yakovlev & Lecours, 1967
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“One of the most consistent findings from these MRI studies is that there is a steady increase in white matter in certain brain regions during childhood and adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The implication of this research is that the transmission speed of neural information in the frontal cortex should increase throughout childhood and adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Myelin acts as an insulator and massively increases the speed of transmission (up to 100 fold) of electrical impulses from neuron to neuron.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the increase in white matter in certain brain regions seems to be linear across all brain areas, the changes in grey matter density appear to follow a region-specific, non-linear pattern.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The increased white matter and decreased grey matter density in the frontal and parietal cortices throughout adolescence has now been demonstrated by several studies carried out by a number of different research groups with increasingly large groups of subjects (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005;Giedd et al., 1996Giedd et al., , 1999a;;Pfefferbaum et al., 1994;Reiss, Abrams, Singer, Ross, & Denckla, 1996”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Paus et al. (1999a) analysed the brain images of 111 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 17 years, and noted an increase in white matter specifically in the right internal capsule and left arcuate fasciculus.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Paus et al. (1999a) source
plaindirectn = 111- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most studies point to a steady, more-or-less linear increase in white matter with age (see Figure 2) (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005;Giedd et al., 1999a;Paus et al., 1999a;Paus, Evans, & Rapoport, 1999b;Reiss et al., 1996;Pfefferbaum et al., 1994)”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Grey matter development in the temporal lobes was also non-linear, but the peak was reached later at about 17 years.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al. (1999a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 145- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Myelin appears white in MRI scans, and therefore the increase in white matter and decrease in grey matter with age was interpreted as reflecting increased axonal myelination in the frontal and parietal cortices during this time period.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the occipital lobes, grey matter development had a linear course (Giedd et al., 1999a).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al., 1999a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 145- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the increase in white matter in this region was interpreted as reflecting increased connections between the speech regions.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
plaindirectn = 111- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, parietal-lobe grey matter volume increased during the pre-adolescent stage to a peak at around 12 years for males and 10 years for females, and this was followed by a decline during post-adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al. (1999a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 145- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was not until the late 1960s and 1970s that research on post-mortem human brains revealed that some brain areas, in particular the prefrontal cortex, continue to develop well beyond early childhood.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Behavioural studies show that performance of adolescents on tasks including inhibitory control (Leon-Carrion, Garcia-Orza, & Perez-Santamaria, 2004; Luna, Garver, Urban, Lazar, & Sweeney, 2004a), processing speed (Luna et al., 2004a), working memory and decision-making (Luciana, Conklin, Cooper, & Yarger, 2005;Hooper, Luciana, Conklin, & Yarger, 2004) continues to develop during adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In support of this 'simulation theory', a growing body of evidence from neurophysiological studies has demonstrated that common brain areas are activated both when we execute an action and when we observe another person perform the same action (Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Gallese, & Fogassi, 1996a;Rizzolatti et al., 1996b;Grafton, Arbib, Fadiga, & Rizzolatti, 1996;Decety et al., 1997;Buccino et al., 2001)”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rizzolatti et al., 1996a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rizzolatti et al., 1996b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Decety et al., 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“One such study of participants aged between 7 and 30 revealed that the loss of grey matter in the frontal cortex accelerated during adulthood between the early 20s and up to the age of 30 (Sowell et al., 2001).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Functional neuroimaging studies have revealed that the parietal and frontal cortices are associated with making the distinction between 1PP and 3PP at the motor (Ruby & Decety, 2001), visuo-spatial, (Vogeley et al., 2004), conceptual (Ruby & Decety, 2003) and emotional (Ruby & Decety, 2004) level.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each of these contexts, superior frontal and right inferior parietal cortex are activated to a greater extent during 3PP than during 1PP.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several neuroimaging studies have implicated the inferior parietal cortex in the distinction between the self and others at the sensorimotor level (Blakemore, Wolpert, & Frith, 1998;Farrer & Frith, 2002;Ruby & Decety, 2001).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies suggest that the organisation of motor, social and affective knowledge is not distinct, but that they are intertwined with one another.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, even after correcting for total cerebral volume, boys had significantly greater grey matter volume in the IFG relative to girls.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Gender differences in development of brain structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blanton et al., 2004 source
plaincorrelationaln = 46- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These data suggest that development of social perspective taking undergoes a perturbation during puberty in parallel with the discontinuous processes of brain maturation.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Choudhury, Blakemore, & Charman, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The results revealed that at the age of puberty onset, at 11-12 years, there was a decline in performance in the matching face and word condition”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern, Andersen, Byrd, Mutter, & Reilly, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the brain regions that have consistently been shown to undergo continued development during adolescence are the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Changes in behaviour and cognition after puberty
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Based on these psychophysical results and in the context of structural MRI studies discussed above, it was suggested that until pruning occurs after puberty, synaptic connections in the frontal cortex generate a low signal to noise ratio due to an excess of synapses, which renders the cognitive performance less efficient.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different aspects of executive function, therefore, may have different developmental trajectories.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study investigating performance on a variety of executive function tasks between the ages of 11 and 17 demonstrated a linear improvement in performance on some tasks but not others (Anderson, Anderson, Northam, Jacobs, & Catroppa, 2001).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson, Anderson, Northam, Jacobs, & Catroppa, 2001 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A cross-sectional MRI study of 46 children and adults (mean age 11) revealed significant differences in grey and white matter between girls and boys, particularly in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Blanton et al., 2004).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Gender differences in development of brain structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blanton et al., 2004 source
plaincorrelationaln = 46- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, the sudden proliferation of synapses that occurs at puberty results in a perturbation of cognitive performance.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is impossible to tease apart all of the important influences on the social and emotional behaviour of adolescents, significant neural development and hormonal changes are likely to influence social cognition.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: There are major changes in hormones at puberty.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the interaction may be two-way.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the frontal lobes, the decrease in grey matter density was even more pronounced between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
plainn = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent MRI studies indicate that the time at which the brain reaches maturity may be much later than the end of adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regions exhibiting the most robust decrease in grey matter density also exhibited the most robust post-pubescent increase in white matter density in the dorsal prefrontal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
plaincorrelationaln = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The researchers linked this pubertal dip in performance to the proliferation of synapses that occurs at the onset of puberty.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social cognition, then, may also be expected to change during this time period.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To summarise, while early cellular studies in animals suggested that morphological changes in the brain more or less cease early on in infancy, in vivo MRI studies coupled with post-mortem cellular studies of human brains have revealed an extended period of development, in particular in the frontal and parietal cortices.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it is likely that axonal myelination results in an increase in white matter and a simultaneous decrease in grey matter as viewed by MRI.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the decrease in grey matter was most dramatic from childhood to young adulthood, the data revealed that white matter volume continued to increase well beyond this stage and even up to the age of 60.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 2003 source
plaindirectn = 176- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A non-linear pattern of development was found in a recent behavioural study that used a match-tosample task (McGivern, Andersen, Byrd, Mutter, & Reilly, 2002).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern, Andersen, Byrd, Mutter, & Reilly, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reaction times and imaging data together suggest that in children, an immature stage of the brain where excess synapses, possibly as a result of a burst of proliferation, accounts for the poorer performance and extensive and less efficient frontal activation.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater and more diffuse activity in the dorsal region of the prefrontal cortex in children suggests that there is a heavier dependence on this region in children compared with in adults.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These recent findings are in line with previous studies that also showed an interruption at puberty in the developmental course of face recognition (Carey, Diamond, & Woods, 1980;Diamond, Carey, & Back, 1983;Flin, 1983).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carey et al., 1980 source
- Not matchedcites Diamond et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Flin, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Accuracy data indicated that emotion recognition abilities develop during adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lawrence et al., submitted
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectn = 484- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neural plasticity of the developing brain may underpin different propensities for learning new skills, such as problem solving, at different stages of the life cycle.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Age-related changes were found in several brain regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex bilaterally (see Figure 6).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwon, Reiss, and Menon, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and the ability to learn a second language declines with age (Hakuta, Bialystok, & Wiley, 2003).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hakuta, Bialystok, & Wiley, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, in another study, face encoding was found to be worse in pubescent girls compared with pre-and postpubescent girls matched for age (Diamond et al., 1983).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Diamond et al., 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, Rubia et al. (2001) reported increased activation in various frontal and parietal regions on a task of response inhibition.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rubia et al., 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both adolescents and adults showed an increase in prefrontal, parietal and motor activation while solving the equations.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Luna, 2004b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Qin et al., 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, adolescents, as distinct from adults, additionally demonstrated a reduction in parietal regions after the practice period.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Luna, 2004b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Qin et al., 2004 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The results showed that in both children and adults, several regions in the frontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior and middle frontal gyri, were activated during the task that required inhibiting the normal response.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Casey et al., 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There was a significant group by stimulus interaction, such that adolescents took significantly longer than adults on the 'not good idea' scenarios relative to the 'good idea' scenarios.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baird, Fugelsang, & Bennett, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Performance on the task recovered again from the age of approximately 14 up to 16.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carey et al., 1980 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In line with this pattern, those subjects who performed best (that is, those who had lowest error rates) and had the greatest orbitofrontal activation also had the least dorsolateral prefrontal activation.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Casey et al., 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A pruned and more myelinated adult brain could explain the faster reaction times and focal activation of the frontal cortex, the area associated with generativity (Frith, Friston, Liddle, & Frackowiak, 1991) and the inhibitory response (Konishi et al., 1999).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, adults showed greater activation in the insula and right fusiform face area compared to adolescents, during the 'not good' ideas.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baird, Fugelsang, & Bennett, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggested lower activation for motivational but not consummatory components of reward-directed behaviour.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
hedgedn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both groups also demonstrated a reduction in prefrontal areas after practice.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Luna, 2004b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Qin et al., 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In addition, pubertal status, independent of age, affected emotion recognition.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lawrence et al., submitted
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 484- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive processes that depend on the prefrontal cortex might undergo a perturbation at puberty due to the synaptic reorganisation that occurs at this time.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As described earlier, histological studies of human prefrontal cortex have shown that there is a proliferation of synapses in the prefrontal cortex during childhood, followed by a plateau phase and a subsequent elimination and reorganisation of prefrontal synaptic connections after puberty (Huttenlocher, 1979).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They found no evidence of decreased activity with age.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adleman et al., 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one study, for example, the percentage of correct responses in a behavioural face recognition task improved by over 20% between the ages of 6 and 10 (Carey et al., 1980).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carey et al., 1980 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recognition of fear, disgust and anger improved with pubertal development, as determined by the Pubertal Development Scale (Peterson et al., 1988).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peterson et al., 1988 source
plaincorrelationaln = 484- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With regard to face processing, differential developmental trajectories for recognition of the six Ekman emotion faces were reported from a behavioural study of 484 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 16 years (Lawrence et al., submitted).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lawrence et al., submitted
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationaln = 484- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“By contrast, adults showed more activity in the ventral region of the prefrontal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Casey et al., 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They found significant amygdalar activation in response to the perception of fearful facial expressions.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baird et al., 1999 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using the Stroop colour-word interference paradigm, which involves inhibition of inappropriate responses, Adleman et al. (2002) observed age-related increases in activity in a left frontalparietal network of areas.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adleman et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The perception of happy faces compared with neutral faces was associated with significant bilateral amygdalar activation in adolescents (Yang, Menon, Reid, Gotlib, & Reiss, 2003).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yang et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When subjects were asked to switch their attention between a salient emotional property of the face, like thinking about how afraid it makes them feel, and a non-emotional property, such as how wide the nose is, adults, but not adolescents, selectively engaged and disengaged the orbitofrontal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Monk et al., 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The finding that changes in brain structure continue into adolescence and early adulthood challenged accepted views and has given rise to a recent spate of investigations into the way cognition might change as a consequence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Linear development of white matter with increasing age in the right DLPFC.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increasing activation in left and right prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex during working memory task”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwon et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Significant difference in reaction times for emotional match-to-sample task between the year preceding and the average age of puberty onset”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A significant linear relationship was found between age and IFG white matter for males”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blanton et al., 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While viewing faces with fearful emotional expressions, adolescents exhibited greater activation than adults of the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate (see Figure 7) (Monk et al., 2003).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Monk et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In addition to executive functions, there is evidence that the prefrontal cortex is involved in several other high-level cognitive capacities, including self-awareness (Ochsner, 2004) and theory of mind (Frith & Frith, 2003)”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ochsner, 2004 source
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith, 2003 source
The opening summary states that the medial prefrontal cortex is consistently activated during mentalizing (theory-of-mind) tasks. In the citing sentence, Frith and Frith (2003) is attached to theory of mind; self-awareness is attributed to a different source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In terms of grey matter density, they found that sensory and motor brain regions matured first.This was followed by the remainder of the cortex maturing from the back to the front (parietal cortex to frontal cortex).The loss of grey matter occurred last in the superior temporal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gogtay et al. (2004) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The amygdala has consistently been associated with emotion processing (Dolan, 2002;Phillips, Drevets, Rauch, & Lane, 2003).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dolan, 2002 source
The S C I E N C E ' S C O M P A S S section describes accumulating evidence that the amygdala mediates emotional influences on perception. The Conclusions also include the amygdala among brain structures that mediate emotion, supporting the broad association in the claim. Page numbers are not supplied in the provided passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Phillips et al., 2003 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
In the paper
“This transition from childhood to adulthood is also characterised by dramatic changes in identity, self-consciousness and cognitive flexibility (Rutter & Rutter, 1993).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter & Rutter, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The results showed a higher volume of white matter in the frontal cortex and parietal cortex in the older children than in the younger group.The younger group, by contrast, had a higher volume of grey matter in the same regions.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and in light of histological studies, this has consistently been interpreted as reflecting continued axonal myelination during childhood and adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Linear increases in white matter during adolescence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individual growth patterns revealed heterochronous grey matter development during adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al. (1999a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 145- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The volume of grey matter in the frontal lobe increased during pre-adolescence with a peak occurring at around 12 years for males and 11 years for females.This was followed by a decline during post-adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al. (1999a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 145- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to these data, synaptic pruning occurs throughout adolescence and results in a net decrease in synaptic density in the frontal lobes during this time.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Whereas sensory and motor brain regions become fully myelinated in the first few years of life, although the volume of brain tissue remains stable, axons in the frontal cortex continue to be myelinated well into adolescence (Yakovlev & Lecours, 1967).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > The first experiments on adolescent brains
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yakovlev & Lecours, 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, rather than a simple linear change in grey matter with age, studies suggest perturbation in grey matter density development that more or less coincides with the onset of puberty.At puberty, grey matter volume in the frontal lobe reaches a peak, followed by a plateau after puberty and then a decline throughout adolescence continuing until early adulthood.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Luna et al., for example, showed that performance on an oculomotor task undergoes a large improvement from childhood to adolescence, followed by a plateau between adolescence and early adulthood (Luna et al., 2004a).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Luna et al., 2004a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only later, after puberty, are the excess synapses pruned into specialised, efficient networks which may explain the post-pubescent improvement on this table (McGivern et al., 2002).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al., 2002 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In other words, the increase in grey matter at puberty reflects a sudden increase in the number of synapses.At some point after puberty, there is a process of refinement such that these excess synapses are eliminated (Huttenlocher, 1979), resulting in a steady decline in grey matter density.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The results revealed a reduction in grey matter density in the dorsal prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortices, which was accompanied by an increase in white matter.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sowell et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 176- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accumulating new social experiences, for example, when entering a new school, may influence the development of social cognitive processes.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, in a longitudinal study, it was found that boys had 10% greater total cortical grey matter volume than girls, but that developmental trajectories of grey and white matter volume were not significantly different (Giedd et al., 1999a).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Gender differences in development of brain structure
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giedd et al., 1999a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the older group (11 to 15 years) a localised grey matter decrease in the frontal cortex was observed.This study provided further evidence of a sharp acceleration of grey matter density loss between childhood and adolescence in dorsal frontal cortex.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Non-linear decreases in grey matter during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thompson et al. (2000) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A significant age-related increase in white matter volume in the left IFG was found in boys but no significant volumetric changes were found in girls in any frontal regions (see Figure 3).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Gender differences in development of brain structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blanton et al., 2004 source
plainn = 46- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A significant improvement in both the efficiency and quality of strategies was found between the ages of 6 and 10.However, between the ages of 10 and 14, there was no significant change in performance.The adult group (mean age 25), on the other hand, significantly outperformed the children.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackinlay, Charman, & Karmiloff-Smith, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The authors therefore suggested that prospective memory continues to develop during adolescence, in line with the notion of frontal maturation in the brain.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mackinlay, Charman, & Karmiloff-Smith, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main changes that have been observed are a non-linear reduction in frontal grey matter density and a simultaneous linear increase in white matter.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Brain changes continue after adolescence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prospective memory is associated with frontal lobe activity (Burgess, Veitch, Costello, & Shallice, 2000) and has been shown to develop through childhood as we develop our future-oriented thought and action (Ellis & Kvavilashvili, 2000).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Burgess, Veitch, Costello, & Shallice, 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Ellis & Kvavilashvili, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Improvement during adolescence was observed on tasks of selective attention, working memory and problem solving, whereas strategic behaviour, as tested by the Tower of London task (Shallice, 1982), seemed to have been formed earlier in childhood.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shallice, 1982 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, sensitive periods for learning phonemes of one's mother tongue occur in the first six months of life (Kuhl et al., 1992)”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuhl et al., 1992 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The results of this study revealed that children performed worse on the task and had on average 60% greater activation in the left inferior frontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than did adults.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaillard et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“fMRI data revealed age-related increases in activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus extending to the orbitofrontal cortex and, consistent with Casey et al.'s results, age-related decreases in activation in both the left superior and middle frontal gyrus extending to the cingulate.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tamm, Menon, & Reiss, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results demonstrated a dissociation between prefrontal areas in the development of inhibitory control and a negative correlation between age and brain activation.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If one group's task performance is worse than that of the other group, then any difference in brain activity between the two groups is difficult to interpret.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Confounding effects of task performance
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus the activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex could be negatively correlated with behavioural performance (as interpreted from error rates), as distinct from the orbitofrontal cortex whose activation increased with improvement in behavioural performance.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Casey et al., 1997 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Much of the literature has focused on early development of facial recognition (Nelson, 1987).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nelson, 1987 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While there was no difference in accuracy on the task with age, reaction times to inhibit responses successfully significantly decreased with age.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tamm, Menon, & Reiss, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, adolescents showed greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the 'not good' ideas and there was a significant correlation between DLPFC activation and reaction time.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baird, Fugelsang, & Bennett, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In particular, recognition of fear and disgust showed the greatest linear improvements with age, while there was no improvement in the ability to recognise sad and angry expressions in this age range.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lawrence et al., submitted
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationaln = 484- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, this was followed by a decline around the age of puberty.Between ages 10 and 12, participants showed a drop in accuracy of over 10%.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Perspective taking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carey et al., 1980 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While the location of activation was essentially the same for both age groups, there was a significantly higher volume of prefrontal activation in children than in adults, specifically in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and extending into the cingulate.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Viewing the adolescent brain in action with fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Casey et al., 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recognition of facial expressions of emotion is one area of social cognition that has been investigated during adolescence (see Herba & Phillips, 2004).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Herba & Phillips, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One remaining issue is the confounding effect of task performance differences in fMRI studies.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Confounding effects of task performance
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this paper, we have focused on research in developmental cognitive neuroscience, but a richer account of changes in adolescent learning, and strategic and social behaviour requires a multidisciplinary approach that recognises the complex interactions between genetics, brain structure, physiology and chemistry and the environment.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that changes in brain structure continue into adolescence and early adulthood challenged accepted views and has given rise to a recent spate of investigations into the way cognition might change as a consequence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These fMRI results suggest that both the brain's emotion processing and cognitive appraisal systems develop during adolescence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that changes in brain structure continue into adolescence and early adulthood challenged accepted views and has given rise to a recent spate of investigations into the way cognition might change as a consequence.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of these studies contained an adult or a younger child group, so comparisons before and after puberty of the neural processing of facial emotion could not be made.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studying the development of adolescent cognition using complementary in vivo methods that exploit the advantages of each -such as combining fMRI with electroencephalography (EEG) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) -within a theoretical framework that regards motor, affective, social and perceptual functions as intertwined promises to further inform our understanding of typical and atypical”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Longitudinal studies of the effect of early deprivation on the cognitive development of Romanian adoptees in the UK have begun to investigate this question (O'Connor & Rutter, 2000).”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Implications for teenagers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O'Connor & Rutter, 2000 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, there was no exploration of how age affects emotion expression processing.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of social cognition in the brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study of the development of executive function and social cognition beyond childhood is a new but rapidly evolving field with applications for medical diagnosis, education and social policy.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Myelin acts as an insulator and massively increases the speed of transmission (up to 100 fold) of electrical impulses from neuron to neuron.
“Myelin acts as an insulator and massively increases the speed of transmission (up to 100 fold) of electrical impulses from neuron to neuron.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Synaptic pruning is essential for the fine-tuning of functional networks of brain tissue, rendering the remaining synaptic circuits more efficient.
“Synaptic pruning is believed to be essential for the fine-tuning of functional networks of brain tissue, rendering the remaining synaptic circuits more efficient.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Synaptic pruning underlies sound categorisation.
“Synaptic pruning is thought to underlie sound categorisation, for example.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very few studies have addressed the effect of puberty and adolescence on social cognitive abilities.
“So far, very few studies have addressed the effect of puberty and adolescence on social cognitive abilities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has been a lack of attention to the development of social cognition during adolescence.
“So far there has been a lack of attention to the development of social cognition during adolescence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Relatively little is known about the continued development of emotion processing during adolescence.
“Relatively little is known about the continued development of emotion processing during adolescence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents are renowned for engaging in risky behaviour.
“Adolescents are renowned for engaging in risky behaviour.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anecdotally, adolescents are known to be poor at decision-making, especially when risk is involved.
“Anecdotally, adolescents are known to be poor at decision-making, especially when risk is involved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are major changes in hormones at puberty.
“In addition to neural development, there are major changes in hormones at puberty.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of criminal law are grounded in the principle of autonomy.
“Current theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of criminal law are grounded in the principle of autonomy: individuals are regarded as rational autonomous human beings who can 'choose' their actions and are therefore held responsible by criminal law.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“young people may be less cognitively skilled in managing the diverse messages from multiple sources during this time of development (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006).”
From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition to the well-known hormonal fluctuations that occur during adolescence, the brain undergoes vast re-shaping, including pruning, myelination, volumetric changes in various regions and changes in functional connectivity (Blakemore, 2012;Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006;Casey et al., 2008;Spear, 2000) (Fig. 3).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over time, relationships also shape the cognitive and neurobiological networks that support social and executive functioning”
From Improving relationship quality in group care settings: The impact of implementing the CARE model (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Executive functions such as working memory, attention and response inhibition, continue to mature until late adolescence (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006, Casey et al., 2008).”
From Weaknesses in executive functioning predict the initiating of adolescents' alcohol use (2015) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“The combined effect of these maturational processes might be to fine-tune neural circuitry in the PFC and other cortical regions, and thus increase efficiency of the cognitive systems they subserve (see Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006 for review).”
From Social cognitive development during adolescence (2006) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“Prior studies in children, adolescents and adults have consistently linked differences in cortical structure, morphology, and morphometry to differences in measures of cognitive and behavioral performance.”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“This decline in volume is due to a 'reorganization' of synaptic connections (Blakemore and Choudhury, 1999)”
From Impaired Extinction Retention in Adolescent Rats: Effects of D-Cycloserine (2010) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 1999
In the citing paper
“and (2) undergoes substantial restructuring during adolescence (Blakemore and Choudhury, 1999), to the point that it might even be seen as a 'natural lesion'.”
From Impaired Extinction Retention in Adolescent Rats: Effects of D-Cycloserine (2010) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 1999
In the citing paper
“It is now clear that brain development does not stop with the completion of puberty when adult brain size is attained. Brain maturation continues beyond adolescence, extending until around age 25 years, and this recently discovered prolongation provides critical support for emerging adulthood as a post-adolescent maturational stage (22).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“It is now clear that brain development does not stop with the completion of puberty when adult brain size is attained. Brain maturation continues beyond adolescence, extending until around age 25 years, and this recently discovered prolongation provides critical support for emerging adulthood as a post-adolescent maturational stage (22).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“It is now clear that brain development does not stop with the completion of puberty when adult brain size is attained. Brain maturation continues beyond adolescence, extending until around age 25 years, and this recently discovered prolongation provides critical support for emerging adulthood as a post-adolescent maturational stage (22).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“behavioral studies show that performance on tasks including inhibitory control, decision making and processing speed continue to develop during adolescence.”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“During adolescence tasks of selective attention, working memory and problem solving improve, consistent with frontal cortical synaptic pruning and myelination improving performance (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006).”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“These studies support the concept that the immature brain has more extensive and less efficient frontal activation and lower performance compared to adults, who have a more focused pattern of frontal activation, faster reaction times, and better performance (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006).”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“During adolescence tasks of selective attention, working memory and problem solving improve, consistent with frontal cortical synaptic pruning and myelination improving performance (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006).”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
In the citing paper
“Recent findings have shown significant correlations between regional patterns of structural brain change and cognitive development (Gogtay et al. 2004;Sowell et al. 2004;Blakemore and Choudhury 2006;Shaw et al. 2006;Tamnes et al. 2010aTamnes et al. , 2010b)).”
From Imaging Patterns of Brain Development and their Relationship to Cognition (2015) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Choudhury 2006
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [285]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
“The task was given to a large group of children aged 10 to 17 years and a group of young adults aged 18 to 22 years.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > Development of executive function
“compared to the previous year group of each sex (age 9-10 and 10-11 in girls and boys, respectively)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > References
“Giedd, J.N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N.O., Castellanos, F.X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A.C., & Rapoport, J.L. (1999a). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.”
§ Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition > References
“Paus, T., Evans, A.C., & Rapoport, J.L. (1999b). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861- 863.”
Citations
Cites
Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1962) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837 · Cited by 13,680
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604 · cited 2×
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a; Sowell et al., 2001; Gogtay et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBrain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0 · Cited by 4,870
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741
Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action
Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090060 · Cited by 3,302
Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading
Gallese, V (1998) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01262-5 · Cited by 3,201
At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent
Feldman, S. S., & Elliott, G. R. (1990) · Cited by 3,136
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
Higher cortical functions in man
Lurii︠a︡, A. R., Teuber, H., Pribram, K. H., & Haigh, B. (1966) · Basic Books · Cited by 2,858
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Baird A., 2005, What were you thinking: An fMRI study of adolescent decision‐making
- Coleman J.C., 1990, The nature of adolescence
- Harris P., 1995, Folk psychology, 207
- Mackinlay R., 2003, Remembering to remember: A developmental study of prospective memory in a multitasking paradigm
- Paus T., 1999, Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study, Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861, 10.1038/13158 · DOI · Paper page
- Rutter M., 1993, Developing minds
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge
Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60368-7 · Cited by 3,126
McCutcheon, R. A., Reis Marques, T., & Howes, O. D. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360 · Cited by 1,481
Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes
Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x · Cited by 1,510
Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective
Dahl, R. E., Allen, N. B., Wilbrecht, L., & Suleiman, A. B. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25770 · Cited by 1,196
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S., & Choudhury, S.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah‐Jayne
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-02-22
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 296-312
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2150432411
- Cited by
- 2,328
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- adolescent brain development, puberty, executive function, social cognition, white matter development, neural architecture, adolescence, social policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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