The way of our errors: Theme and variations
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Negative feedback, either internal or external, is a fundamental guide to human learning and performance. The neural system that underlies the monitoring of performance and the adjustment of behavior has been subject to multiple neuroimaging investigations that uniformly implicate the anterior cingulate cortex and other prefrontal structures as crucial to these executive functions. The present article describes a series of experiments that employed event-related potentials to study a variety of processes associated with internal or external feedback. Three medial-frontal negativities (error-related negativity, correct-response negativity, feedback-related negativity) are highlighted, each of which plays an important role in the monitoring and dynamic adjustment of behavior. Extensions of basic research on these ERPs to questions relevant to clinical-science are also provided.
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CRN enhancement might have a protective function against error commission and indicates the degree of engagement of conflict/action monitoring during correct trials.
“Simons (2010) further proposed that CRN enhancement might have a protective function against error commission and indicates the degree of engagement of conflict/action monitoring during correct trials.”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Simons, 2010
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Vahedi, J., Bahic, A., Chaliani, I., Schilbach, L., Ciupka‐Schön, B., Bellebaum, C., Pietrowsky, R., & Peterburs, J. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70142 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Simons, R. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simons, Robert F.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2009559576
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH064491, F31MH069047, MH069047, MH077388, R01MH055126, F31MH077388)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- error-related negativity, feedback-related negativity, correct response negativity, negative feedback, performance monitoring, error detection, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, executive function, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Behavior, Humans, Learning, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Prefrontal Cortex, Feedback, Psychological, Executive Function
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