Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?

What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors?

Winter, M., & Brodd, R. J. (2004) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr020730k · Cited by 7,389

Special report on emissions scenarios

Nakićenović, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G. R., de Vries, B. J. M., Fenhann, J. V., Gaffin, S., Gregory, K., Grübler, A., Jung, T. Y., Kram, T., et al. (2000) · Cited by 6,089

Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles

Notter, D. A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wäger, P. A., Stamp, A., Zah, R., & Althaus, H. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903729a · Cited by 902

Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy

Samaras, C., & Meisterling, K. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es702178s · Cited by 751

Evaporites through time: tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits

Warren, J. K. (2010) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.11.004 · Cited by 660

Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: The case of lithium

Yaksic, A., & Tilton, J. E. (2009) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.05.002 · Cited by 328

Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment

Kesler, S. E., & Simon, A. C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871426 · Cited by 321

Costs of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles

Gaines, L. L., & Cuenca, R. (2000) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.2172/761281 · Cited by 258

Recovery of valuable elements from spent Li-batteries

Paulino, J. F., Busnardo, N. G., & Afonso, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.048 · Cited by 232

Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009

Survey, U. S. G. (2009) · doi:10.3133/mineral2009 · Cited by 232

Towards successful environmental performance of sustainable cities: Intervening sectors. A review

Martos, A., Pacheco-Torres, R., Ordóñez, J., & Jadraque-Gago, E. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.095 · Cited by 147

A novel approach for flotation recovery of spodumene, mica and feldspar from a lithium pegmatite ore

Tian, J., Xu, L., Wu, H., Fang, S., Deng, W., Peng, T., Sun, W., & Hu, Y. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.331 · Cited by 147

Modeling barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: An Indian perspective

Patyal, V. S., Kumar, R., & Kushwah, S. S. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121554 · Cited by 154

Lithium extraction from complex aqueous solutions using supported ionic liquid membranes

Zante, G., Boltoeva, M., Masmoudi, A., Barillon, R., & Trébouet, D. (2019) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.013 · Cited by 142

Lithium ion adsorption–desorption properties on spinel Li4Mn5O12 and pH-dependent ion-exchange model

Xiao, J., Nie, X.-Y., Sun, S., Song, X., Li, P., & Yu, J. (2015) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2015.01.008 · Cited by 140

Recent advances on electrodialysis for the recovery of lithium from primary and secondary resources

Gmar, S., & Chagnes, A. (2019) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105124 · Cited by 138

Analyzing challenges for sustainable supply chain of electric vehicle batteries using a hybrid approach of Delphi and Best-Worst Method

Kumar, P., Singh, R. K., Paul, J., & Sinha, O. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105879 · Cited by 136

Nitrogen-Containing Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Progress and Prospects

Crabtree, R. H. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00983 · Cited by 129

Selective flotation separation of spodumene from feldspar using new mixed anionic/cationic collectors

Xu, L., Hu, Y., Tian, J., Wu, H., Yang, Y., Zeng, X., Wang, Z., & Wang, J. (2016) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.01.013 · Cited by 128

Lithium-Rich Claystone in the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada, USA: Geologic, Mineralogical, and Geochemical Characteristics and Possible Origin

Castor, S. B., & Henry, C. D. (2020) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min10010068 · Cited by 132

Lithium extraction from brine in an ionic selective desalination battery

Zhao, X., Feng, M., Jiao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Sha, Z. (2020) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114360 · Cited by 125

Selective recovery of lithium from geothermal water by EGDE cross-linked spherical CTS/LMO

Wang, H., Cui, J., Li, M., Guo, Y., Deng, T., & Yu, X. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124410 · Cited by 124

Flexible C6BN Monolayers As Promising Anode Materials for High-Performance K-Ion Batteries

Xiang, P., Sharma, S., Wang, Z. M., Wu, J., & Schwingenschlögl, U. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c09451 · Cited by 124

Selective lithium recovery and integrated preparation of high-purity lithium hydroxide products from spent lithium-ion batteries

Liu, F., Peng, C. Q., Ma, Q., Wang, J., Zhou, S., Chen, Z., Wilson, B. P., & Lundström, M. (2020) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118181 · Cited by 124

Feasibility assessment of remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of end of vehicle application lithium-ion batteries

Foster, M., Isely, P. N., Standridge, C. R., & Hasan, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management · doi:10.3926/jiem.939 · Cited by 122

Resynthesizing LiFePO4/C materials from the recycled cathode via a green full-solid route

Sun, Q., Li, X., Zhang, H., Song, D., Shi, X., Song, J., Li, C., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153292 · Cited by 122

Particle Size Effect on Platinum Dissolution: Considerations for Accelerated Stability Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts

Sandbeck, D. J. S., Secher, N. M., Speck, F. D., Sørensen, J. E., Kibsgaard, J., Chorkendorff, I., & Cherevko, S. (2020) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.0c00779 · Cited by 121

Lithium Extraction Techniques and the Application Potential of Different Sorbents for Lithium Recovery from Brines

Reich, R., Slunitschek, K., Danisi, R. M., Eiche, E., & Kolb, J. (2023) · Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review · doi:10.1080/08827508.2022.2047041 · Cited by 120

Electrochemical Lithium Recovery with a LiMn2O4–Zinc Battery System using Zinc as a Negative Electrode

Kim, S.-S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. (2017) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.201700488 · Cited by 124

Lithium Production Processes

Tran, T., & Luong, V. T. (2015) · Lithium Process Chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00003-7 · Cited by 119

A Review of Lithium Supply and Demand and a Preliminary Investigation of a Room Temperature Method to Recycle Lithium Ion Batteries to Recover Lithium and Other Materials

Sonoc, A., & Jeswiet, J. (2014) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.006 · Cited by 119

Lithium Brines: A Global Perspective

Munk, L. A., Hynek, S. A., Bradley, D. C., Boutt, D., Labay, K., & Jochens, H. (2016) · Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits · doi:10.5382/rev.18.14 · Cited by 117

Global Lithium Resources and Sustainability Issues

Christmann, P., Gloaguen, É., Labbé, J.-F., Melleton, J., & Piantone, P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00001-3 · Cited by 127

Assessing maximum production peak and resource availability of non-fuel mineral resources: Analyzing the influence of extractable global resources

Calvo, G., Valero, A., & Valero, A. (2017) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.009 · Cited by 116

Critical mineral demand estimates for low-carbon technologies: What do they tell us and how can they evolve?

Calderon, J. L., Smith, N., Bazilian, M., & Holley, E. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113938 · Cited by 115

Synthesis and Adsorption Properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 Spinel

Xiao, J.-L., Sun, S.-Y., Wang, J., Li, P., & Yu, J.-G. (2013) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie400691d · Cited by 115

Potential metal requirement of active materials in lithium-ion battery cells of electric vehicles and its impact on reserves: Focus on Europe

Simon, B., Ziemann, S., & Weil, M. (2015) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.011 · Cited by 113

Material constraints for concentrating solar thermal power

Pihl, E., Kushnir, D., Sandén, B. A., & Johnsson, F. (2012) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.057 · Cited by 113

Understanding the future of lithium: Part 2, temporally and spatially resolved life‐cycle assessment modeling

Ambrose, H., & Kendall, A. (2020) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12942 · Cited by 111

An assessment of electric vehicles: technology, infrastructure requirements, greenhouse-gas emissions, petroleum use, material use, lifetime cost, consumer acceptance and policy initiatives

Delucchi, M. A., Yang, C., Burke, A. F., Ogden, J. M., Kurani, K. S., Kessler, J., & Sperling, D. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0325 · Cited by 121

Catalytic dehydrogenation study of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole by noble metal supported on reduced graphene oxide

Wang, B., Chang, T., Jiang, Z., Wei, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, S. X., & Fang, T. (2018) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.156 · Cited by 108

Platinum Availability for Future Automotive Technologies

Alonso, E., Field, F. R., & Kirchain, R. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es301110e · Cited by 108

Separation of lithium, cobalt and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries using TBP and imidazolium-based ionic liquids

Zante, G., Masmoudi, A., Barillon, R., Trébouet, D., & Boltoeva, M. (2019) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2019.10.023 · Cited by 108

Groundwater in sedimentary basins as potential lithium resource: a global prospective study

Dugamin, E., Richard, A., Cathelineau, ‪., Boiron, M., Despinois, F., & Brisset, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99912-7 · Cited by 105

Recent Progress in Surface Coatings for Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials

Or, T., Gourley, S., Karthikeyan, K., Zheng, Y. H., Li, M., & Chen, Z. (2022) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-022-00137-7 · Cited by 106

Is there a resource constraint related to lithium ion batteries in cars?

Pehlken, A., Albach, S., & Vogt, T. (2015) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0925-4 · Cited by 113

The Role of Sub- and Supercritical CO2 as “Processing Solvent” for the Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes

Nowak, S., & Winter, M. (2017) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules22030403 · Cited by 104

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

Dolganova, I., Rödl, A., Bach, V., Kaltschmitt, M., & Finkbeiner, M. (2020) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources9030032 · Cited by 112

Silicate Melt Inclusion Evidence for Extreme Pre-eruptive Enrichment and Post-eruptive Depletion of Lithium in Silicic Volcanic Rocks of the Western United States: Implications for the Origin of Lithium-Rich Brines

Hofstra, A. H., Todorov, T. I., Mercer, C. N., Adams, D. T., & Marsh, E. E. (2013) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/econgeo.108.7.1691 · Cited by 103

Bio-inspired spider-web-like membranes with a hierarchical structure for high performance lithium/sodium ion battery electrodes: the case of 3D freestanding and binder-free bismuth/CNF anodes

Jin, Y., Yuan, H., Lan, J., Yu, Y., Lin, Y., & Yang, X. (2017) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c7nr04912a · Cited by 103

Lithium: Production and estimated consumption. Evidence of persistence

Gil‐Alana, L. A., & Monge, M. (2019) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.01.006 · Cited by 104

Improved performance of Al-doped LiMn2O4 ion-sieves for Li+ adsorption

Chen, M., Wu, R., Ju, S., Zhang, X., Xue, F., & Xing, W. (2018) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.10.058 · Cited by 99

Electrifying Australian transport: Hybrid life cycle analysis of a transition to electric light-duty vehicles and renewable electricity

Wolfram, P., & Wiedmann, T. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.219 · Cited by 99

Implications for the carrying capacity of lithium reserve in China

Zeng, X., & Li, J. (2013) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.08.003 · Cited by 99

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Hanisch, C., Diekmann, J., Stieger, A., Haselrieder, W., & Kwade, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118991978.hces221 · Cited by 97

Hollandite-type TiO 2 : a new negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Pérez‐Flores, J. C., Baehtz, C., Kuhn, A., & García‐Alvarado, F. (2013) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c3ta13394j · Cited by 98

Integration of selectrodialysis and selectrodialysis with bipolar membrane to salt lake treatment for the production of lithium hydroxide

Qiu, Y., Yao, L., Tang, C., Zhao, Y., Zhu, J., & Shen, J. (2019) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2019.04.024 · Cited by 96

Critical metal requirement for clean energy transition: A quantitative review on the case of transportation electrification

Zhang, C., Yan, J., & You, F. (2022) · Advances in Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.adapen.2022.100116 · Cited by 95

Estimation of Waste Battery Generation and Analysis of the Waste Battery Recycling System in China

Song, X., Hu, S., Chen, D., & Zhu, B. (2016) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12407 · Cited by 94

Lithium enrichment optimization from Dead Sea end brine by chemical precipitation technique

Alsabbagh, A. H., Aljarrah, S., & Al-Mahasneh, M. A. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107038 · Cited by 93

Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution

Munk, L., Boutt, D. F., Butler, K. L., Russo, A. A., Jenckes, J., Moran, B. J., & Kirshen, A. (2025) · Economic Geology · doi:10.5382/econgeo.5134 · Cited by 98

Material footprint of electric vehicles: A multiregional life cycle assessment

Sen, B., Onat, N. C., Küçükvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.309 · Cited by 92

High-purity electrolytic lithium obtained from low-purity sources using solid electrolyte

Lang, J., Jin, Y., Liu, K., Long, Y., Zhang, H., Qi, L., Wu, H., & Cui, Y. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0485-x · Cited by 92

Review of recent progress on lithium recovery and recycling from primary and secondary sources with membrane-based technologies

Butylskii, D. Y., Troitskiy, V. A., Smirnova, N. V., Pismenskaya, N. D., Wang, Y., Jiang, C., Xu, T., & Nikonenko, V. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2024.117826 · Cited by 96

Managing Critical Materials with a Technology-Specific Stocks and Flows Model

Busch, J., Steinberger, J. K., Dawson, D., Purnell, P., & Roelich, K. E. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es404877u · Cited by 92

Review of coal as a promising source of lithium

Qin, S., Zhao, C., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · International Journal of Oil Gas and Coal Technology · doi:10.1504/ijogct.2015.067490 · Cited by 92

Organic electrode materials for fast-rate, high-power battery applications

Gannett, C. N., Melecio‐Zambrano, L., Theibault, M. J., Peterson, B. M., Fors, B. P., & Abruña, H. D. (2021) · Materials Reports Energy · doi:10.1016/j.matre.2021.01.003 · Cited by 91

Conversion‐Based Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium Batteries

Kim, J., Kim, H., & Kang, K. (2018) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201702646 · Cited by 90

The effect of critical material prices on the competitiveness of clean energy technologies

Leader, A. M., Gaustad, G. G., & Babbitt, C. W. (2019) · Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1007/s40243-019-0146-z · Cited by 90

Development of technology for recovering lithium from seawater by electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane

Hoshino, T. (2013) · Fusion Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.06.009 · Cited by 95

Enhanced electrochemical performance and storage mechanism of LiFePO4 doped by Co, Mn and S elements for lithium-ion batteries

Cui, Z., Guo, X., Ren, J., Xue, H., Tang, F., La, P., Li, H., Li, J., & Lu, X. (2021) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138592 · Cited by 88

Lithium recovery from salt-lake brine: Impact of competing cations, pretreatment and preconcentration

Pramanik, B. K., Asif, M. B., Roychand, R., Shu, L., Jegatheesan, V., Bhuiyan, M., & Hai, F. I. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127623 · Cited by 87

Resource implications of alternative strategies for achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions from light-duty vehicles by 2060

Harvey, L. D. D. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.074 · Cited by 87

Synthesis and performance estimation of a granulated PVC/PAN-lithium ion-sieve for Li+ recovery from brine

Zhang, G., Hai, C., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, J., Shen, Y., Li, X., Sun, Y., Wu, Z., et al. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122431 · Cited by 87

Framework for Analyzing Transformative Technologies in Life Cycle Assessment

Miller, S. A., & Keoleian, G. A. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es505217a · Cited by 103

Semi-continuous electrochemical extraction of lithium from brine using CF-NMMO/AC asymmetric hybrid capacitors

Zhao, X., Li, G., Feng, M., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135285 · Cited by 86

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

Makwarimba, C. P., Tang, M., Peng, Y., Lu, S., Zheng, L., Zhao, Z., & Zhen, A. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104321 · Cited by 88

Froth flotation of lithium micas – A review

Korbel, C., Filippova, I. V., & Filippov, L. O. (2023) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107986 · Cited by 86

Lithium availability in the EU27 for battery-driven vehicles: The impact of recycling and substitution on the confrontation between supply and demand until2050

Miedema, J. H., & Moll, H. C. (2013) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.01.001 · Cited by 85

Integrated Membrane Desalination Systems with Membrane Crystallization Units for Resource Recovery: A New Approach for Mining from the Sea

Quist-Jensen, C. A., Macedonio, F., & Drioli, E. (2016) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst6040036 · Cited by 85

Li‐Metal‐Free Prelithiation of Si‐Based Negative Electrodes for Full Li‐Ion Batteries

Zhou, H., Wang, X., & Chen, D. (2015) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201500287 · Cited by 83

Highly Efficient Separation of Magnesium and Lithium and High-Valued Utilization of Magnesium from Salt Lake Brine by a Reaction-Coupled Separation Technology

Guo, X., Hu, S., Wang, C., Duan, H., & Xiang, X. (2018) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01147 · Cited by 82

Should All Cars Be Electric by 2025? The Electric Car Debate in Europe

Ortar, N., & Ryghaug, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11071868 · Cited by 81

A preliminary deposit model for lithium brines

Bradley, D. C., Munk, L., Jochens, H., Hynek, S. A., & Labay, K. A. (2013) · Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World · doi:10.3133/ofr20131006 · Cited by 81

Extraction equilibria of lithium with N , N -bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3-oxobutanamide and tributyl phosphate in kerosene and FeCl 3

Ji, L., Li, L., Shi, D., Li, J., Liu, Z., Xu, D., & Song, X. (2016) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.022 · Cited by 80

Implications of Emerging Vehicle Technologies on Rare Earth Supply and Demand in the United States

Fishman, T., Myers, R. J., Rios, O. R., & Graedel, T. E. (2018) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources7010009 · Cited by 85

Critical Issues in the Supply Chain of Lithium for Electric Vehicle Batteries

Egbue, O., & Long, S. (2012) · Engineering Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10429247.2012.11431947 · Cited by 79

A closed-loop process for selective lithium recovery from brines via electrochemical and precipitation

Liu, D., Zhao, Z., Xu, W., Xiong, J., & He, L. (2021) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115302 · Cited by 80

Driving rural energy access: a second-life application for electric-vehicle batteries

Ambrose, H., Gershenson, D., Gershenson, A., & Kammen, D. M. (2014) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/094004 · Cited by 84

Synthesis and Adsorption Properties of Li 1.6 Mn 1.6 O 4 by a Combination of Redox Precipitation and Solid-Phase Reaction

Sun, S., Xiao, J., Wang, J., Song, X., & Yu, J. (2014) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie5004625 · Cited by 78

Synergic Mechanisms on Carbon and Sulfur during the Selective Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Xu, P., Liu, C., Zhang, X., Zheng, X., Lv, W., Fu, R., Yao, P., Wang, J., & Sun, Z. H. I. (2021) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08213 · Cited by 79

Lithium Selectivity of Crown Ethers: The Effect of Heteroatoms and Cavity Size

Oral, I., Tamm, S., Herrmann, C., & Abetz, V. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121142 · Cited by 80

Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) composite cation exchange membrane for selective recovery of lithium by electrodialysis

Sharma, P. P., Yadav, V., Rajput, A., Gupta, H., Saravaia, H. T., & Kulshrestha, V. (2020) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114755 · Cited by 79

Critical and precious materials consumption and requirement in wind energy system in the EU 27

Kim, J., Guillaume, B., Chung, J., & Hwang, Y. W. (2014) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.003 · Cited by 77

The metallogenetic regularities of lithium deposits in China

Jiankang, L., Tianren, Z., Xifang, L., Denghong, W., & Xin, D. (2015) · Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition · doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12453 · Cited by 76

Hydrochemistry, Distribution and Formation of Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Li, Q., Fan, Q., Wang, J., Qin, Z., Zhang, X., Wei, H., Du, Y., & Shan, F. (2019) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min9090528 · Cited by 75

Enhancement in Li + /Mg 2+ separation from salt lake brine with PDA–PEI composite nanofiltration membrane

Ashraf, M. A., Wang, J., Wu, B., Cui, P., Xu, B., & Li, X. (2020) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.49549 · Cited by 75

Review of Lithium as a Strategic Resource for Electric Vehicle Battery Production: Availability, Extraction, and Future Prospects

Vega-Muratalla, V. O., Márquez, C. R., Lira‐Barragán, L. F., & Ponce‐Ortega, J. M. (2024) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources13110148 · Cited by 80

Exceptionally highly performing Na-ion battery anode using crystalline SnO 2 nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon

Jahel, A., Ghimbeu, C. M., Darwiche, A., Vidal, L., Hajjar‐Garreau, S., Vix‐Guterl, C., & Monconduit, L. (2015) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c5ta01963j · Cited by 74

Current Progress and Future Perspectives of Electrolytes for Rechargeable Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Ma, D., Yuan, D., de León, C. P., Jiang, Z., Xia, X., & Pan, J. H. (2021) · Energy & environment materials · doi:10.1002/eem2.12301 · Cited by 74

Vulnerable Links in the Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain

Jaffe, S. (2017) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.021 · Cited by 74

Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies

Elgowainy, A., Han, J., Ward, J. W., Joseck, F., Gohlke, D., Lindauer, A., Ramsden, T., Biddy, M. J., Alexander, M., Barnhart, S., et al. (2016) · doi:10.2172/1254857 · Cited by 74

Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Sodium Storage Mechanism and Optimization Strategies

Liu, L., Tian, Y., Abdussalam, A., Gilani, M. R. H. S., Zhang, W., & Xu, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27196516 · Cited by 72

Brine grades in Andean salars: When basin size matters A review of the Lithium Triangle

López Steinmetz, R. L., & Salvi, S. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103615 · Cited by 71

State-of-the-Art Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Mauger, A., & Julien, C. M. (2020) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma13163453 · Cited by 71

Review on the production of high-purity lithium metal

Zhang, X., Han, A., & Yang, Y. A. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d0ta07611b · Cited by 71

Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art

Barman, P., Dutta, L., & Azzopardi, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083369 · Cited by 70

Solid Solution Metal Chalcogenides for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: The Recent Advances as Anodes

Deng, W., Chen, J., Li, Y., Liang, X., Yin, S., Deng, X., Zou, G., Hou, H., & Ji, X. (2021) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202101058 · Cited by 70

Characterization of lithium cycling in the Salar de Olaroz, Central Andes, using a geochemical and isotopic approach

Garcia, M. G., Borda, L. G., Godfrey, L. V., López Steinmetz, R. L., & Losada-Calderon, A. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119340 · Cited by 68

Selective extraction of valuable metals from spent EV power batteries using sulfation roasting and two stage leaching process

Chen, Y., Shi, P., Chang, D., Jie, Y., Yang, S., Wu, G., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Hu, F., Wilson, B. P., et al. (2020) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118078 · Cited by 68

Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles

Medina, P. A., & Gruber, P. W. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 19

A Constraint for Electric Vehicles

Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2011)

Lithium Resources and Production: Critical Assessment and Global Projections

Mohr, S. H., Mudd, G. M., & Giurco, D. (2012) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min2010065 · Cited by 357

The future of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries

Speirs, J. F., Contestabile, M., Houari, Y., & Gross, R. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.018 · Cited by 436

Sustainable Mobility: Lithium, Rare Earth Elements, and Electric Vehicles

Wallington, T. J., Alonso, E., Everson, M. P., Field, F. R., Gruber, P. W., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Kirchain, R., Medina, P. A., Morris, E. K., et al. (2012) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33777-2_12 · Cited by 14