Predictors of persistence in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from an 11‐year controlled follow‐up study
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Biederman J, Petty CR, O’Connor KB, Hyder LL, Faraone SV. Predictors of persistence in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from an 11‐year controlled follow‐up study. Objective: This study sought to examine the age‐dependent persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its predictors in a large sample of girls with and without ADHD followed prospectively for 11 years into young adulthood. Method: Participants were girls with (N = 96) and without (N = 91) ADHD and were 6–17 years old at the baseline assessment (mean age, 11 years) and 15–30 years old at the follow‐up assessment (mean: 22 years). Participants were comprehensively and blindly assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and assessments of cognitive, social, school, and family functioning. Results: At the 11‐year follow‐up, 33.3% met full criteria for ADHD, 29.2% showed partial persistence of the disorder, 10.4% had impaired functioning, and 4.2% were remitted but treated (77.1% of the sample). Predictors of persistence were psychiatric comorbidity, family history of psychopathology, and family and school functioning at baseline. Conclusion: These long‐term, prospective, follow‐up findings extend to girls findings that ADHD is persistent over the long term and can be predicted from psychosocial adversity and psychiatric comorbidity ascertained 11 years earlier.
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New research is beginning to define neural predictors and correlates of remission in ADHD.
“New research is indeed beginning to define neural predictors and correlatesof r emission 94,95,253 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [253]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that persistence and remission in girls with ADHD can be predicted from patterns of comorbidity, familiality, and adversity. It does not identify neural predictors or correlates; searches for neural and neuroimaging terms found no such evidence in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBiederman and colleagues demonstrated that 65-67% of young adults (mean age 22) with childhood ADHD no longer met full DSM criteria.
“Biederman and colleagues7–8 demonstrated that 65–67% young adults (mean age 22) with childhood ADHD no longer met full DSM criteria.”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results (age-specific prevalence; page unavailable) report that 32 of 96 girls with childhood ADHD (33.3%) still met full diagnostic criteria, so 66.7% no longer did. The Results also give a mean follow-up age of 22.1 years. The claim omits that the study followed girls specifically and that some participants had not yet reached adulthood; it should not be read as saying that 66.7% were fully remitted. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredYoung adult assessments corresponding temporally with Biederman and colleagues' estimates (12- and 14-year assessments) demonstrated comparable full remission rates (18% vs 22-23%).
“Young adult assessments corresponding temporally with Biederman and colleagues’ estimates (i.e., 12- and 14-year assessments) demonstrated comparable full remission rates (18% vs 22–23%).”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
In Biederman and colleagues' studies, the vast majority (77-78%) had clinically elevated ADHD symptoms, impairment, and/or continuation of ADHD treatments.
“On the other hand, the vast majority (77–78%) had clinically elevated ADHD symptoms, impairment, and/or continuation of ADHD treatments.”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
This study is consistent with previous findings that, at a single timepoint, most individuals who no longer meet ADHD DSM criteria still experience elevated symptoms or impairments or are actively treated with medication.
“This study is consistent with previous findings that, at a single timepoint, most individuals who no longer meet ADHD DSM criteria still experience elevated symptoms or impairments or are actively treated with medication (see Table 2).”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
Biederman and colleagues detected a subgroup of children with ADHD who appeared fully remitted in young adulthood (~22-23%).
“Biederman and colleagues detected a subgroup of children with ADHD who appeared fully remitted in young adulthood (~22–23%), signifying possible recovery from ADHD.”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: What the non-specialist needs to know
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- Authors
- Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., O’Connor, K. B., Hyder, L. L., & Faraone, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Biederman, J.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11-19
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-156
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- PMC
- PMC3254799
- OpenAlex
- W1531338217
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- University of Cambridge
- National Institute of Mental Health (R03MH079954)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD persistence, girls, long-term follow-up, predictors of persistence, psychiatric comorbidity, family functioning, school functioning, psychosocial adversity, remission, early adulthood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychopathology, Young Adult
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