Cited by 1,487Behavioral Health and InterventionsDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 143 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective

Hofmann, Wilhelm, Friese, Malte, Strack, Fritz·2009·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Though human beings embody a unique ability for planned behavior, they also often act impulsively. This insight may be important for the study of self-control situations in which people are torn between their long-term goals to restrain behavior and their immediate impulses that promise hedonic fulfillment. In the present article, we outline a dual-systems perspective of impulse and self-control and suggest a framework for the prediction of self-control outcomes. This framework combines three elements that, considered jointly, may enable a more precise prediction of self-control outcomes than they do when studied in isolation: impulsive precursors of behavior, reflective precursors, and situational or dispositional boundary conditions. The theoretical and practical utility of such an approach is demonstrated by drawing on recent evidence from several domains of self-control such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x

Cites

143 of 143 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
American Economic Review
Duflo, E. (2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.109.612 · Cited by 11,235
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Working Memory
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888 · Cited by 7,611 · cited 1×
“The correspondence principle (e.g., Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) implies that one can predict behavior more accurately if the specificity of predictor and criterion match.”
Background
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 · Cited by 5,137
The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger
Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 · Cited by 4,687
Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455
Civilization and Its Discontents
Freud, S. (2018) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv19fvzzk.47 · Cited by 4,263
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Self-citation
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,942
Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3719 · Cited by 3,646
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511
Action control : from cognition to behavior
Kühl, J., & Beckmann, J. (1985) · Cited by 3,444
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis.
(1935) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250170221019 · Cited by 3,091
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,756
Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708
Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior
Loewenstein, G. (1996) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0028 · Cited by 2,610 · cited 1×
“Second, an impulse typically possesses a strong incentive value consisting of a primitive hedonic reaction to the tempting stimulus (e.g., Loewenstein, 1996; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999).1 Third, an impulse is immediate in a temporal and a spatial sense—that is, directed toward short-term…”
Background
Attention and Self-Regulation : A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,580
Working Memory, Thought, and Action
Baddeley, A. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.001.0001 · Cited by 2,432
Exploring the Central Executive
Baddeley, A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755608 · Cited by 2,390
Self-regulation failure: an overview.
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1 · Cited by 2,266
Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects.
Steele, C. M., & Josephs, R. A. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.8.921 · Cited by 2,070
Attention and Self-Regulation
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5887-2 · Cited by 2,039
Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles.
Epstein, S. J., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390 · Cited by 1,928
Losing control: how and why people fail at self-regulation
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-6508 · Cited by 1,924
The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 · Cited by 1,865
Untitled work
(2003) · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225 · Cited by 1,829
Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5845 · Cited by 1,778
Dual-Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems
Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_01 · Cited by 1,776
A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205275613 · Cited by 1,642
Self-citation
Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of the Leading Behavioral Contributors to Mortality.
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632 · cited 4×
“…discuss the complex ethical and moral implications of hedonic lifestyles versus restrained lifestyles for individual well-being and societal functioning, even though these implications may be far ranging and important (e.g., Bogg & Roberts, 2004; Polivy, 1998; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior
BLOCK, J. H., & Block, J. (1980) · doi:10.4324/9781315803029-7 · Cited by 1,525
Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus
Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002007 · Cited by 1,473
Time-inconsistent Preferences and Consumer Self-Control
Hoch, S. J., & Loewenstein, G. F. (1991) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208573 · Cited by 1,411
An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement.
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 · Cited by 1,371
The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs.
Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509 · Cited by 1,366
Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.186 · Cited by 1,343
Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.
Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325 · Cited by 1,297
Restrained and unrestrained eating1
Herman, C. P., & Mack, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x · Cited by 1,295
The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.687 · Cited by 1,285
The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.
Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16 · Cited by 1,108 · cited 1×
“Everyday life is full of temptations that challenge our capacity for self-control or willpower.”
Background
Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach
Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00250 · Cited by 975
Leading us not into temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation.
Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.296 · Cited by 955
Quasi-Rational Economics.
Shiller, R. J., & Thaler, R. H. (1992) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.2307/2329014 · Cited by 914
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 · Cited by 913
Self‐Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M., DeWall, C. N., & Oaten, M. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00428.x · Cited by 910
Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects.
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.627 · Cited by 901
Processes in Delay of Gratification
Mischel, W. (1974) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60039-8 · Cited by 822
Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing.
Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.33 · Cited by 811
Longitudinal Improvement of Self-Regulation Through Practice: Building Self-Control Strength Through Repeated Exercise
Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224549909598404 · Cited by 780
Mechanisms of Self-Control Failure: Motivation and Limited Resources
Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029007008 · Cited by 764
Self-Command in Practice, in Policy, and in a Theory of Rational Choice
(2007) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1dv0tg9.8 · Cited by 758
Leading us not unto temptation: momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation.
Ayelet Fishbach, B., Friedman, R., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 746
Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior.
Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.380 · Cited by 721
Effects of alcohol on human aggression: An intergrative research review.
Bushman, B. J., & Cooper, H. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341 · Cited by 710
Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: a theoretical framework and empirical review
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2008) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190802617668 · Cited by 707
Self-citation
The Nature of Adolescence
Coleman, J. C. (2011) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203805633 · Cited by 702
Attitudes
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. T. (2008) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203809884 · Cited by 682
Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety.
Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1441 · Cited by 657
Choice Over Time
Loewenstein, G. F., & Elster, J. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 635
Liking Is for Doing: The Effects of Goal Pursuit on Automatic Evaluation.
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.557 · Cited by 605
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Epstein, S. J. (1998) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8580-4_9 · Cited by 591
Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers.
Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02775.x · Cited by 582
Self-citation
Separating Multiple Processes in Implicit Social Cognition: The Quad Model of Implicit Task Performance.
Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469 · Cited by 560
Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation.
Yaacov Trope, B., & Ayelet Fishbach, B. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.493 · Cited by 553
The Relations of Effortful Control and Impulsivity to Children's Resiliency and Adjustment
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A. J., Shepard, S. A., Valiente, C., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., & Thompson, M. S. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.x · Cited by 552
What are Implicit Measures and Why are We Using Them?
Houwer, J. D. (2006) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976237.n2 · Cited by 532
And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior
Hofmann, W., Rauch, W. A., & Gawronski, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.004 · Cited by 530
Self-citation
Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012705 · Cited by 524
Self-citation
Working memory capacity — facets of a cognitive ability construct
Oberauer, K., Süß, H., Schulze, R., Wilhelm, O., & Wittmann, W. W. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00251-2 · Cited by 523
Social and behavioral consequences of alcohol consumption and expectancy: A meta-analysis.
Hull, J. G., & Bond, C. F. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.347 · Cited by 502
Relapse prevention: introduction and overview of the model
Marlatt, G. A., & George, W. H. (1984) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb03867.x · Cited by 476
Relapse Prevention: Introduction and Overview of the Model
Marlatt, G. A., & George, W. H. (1984) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00274.x · Cited by 475
Don't mind if I do: disinhibited eating under cognitive load
Ward, A., & Mann, T. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.753 · Cited by 463
A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament.
Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1994) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10149-003 · Cited by 445
Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration
Carver, C. S. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2 · Cited by 442
Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers.
Wiers, R. W. H. J., van Woerden, N., Smulders, F. T. Y., & de Jong, P. J. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.4.648 · Cited by 442
Cognitive appraisals and transformations in delay behavior.
Mischel, W., & Baker, N. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076272 · Cited by 440
When impulses take over: moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour.
Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wänke, M. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x241540 · Cited by 437
Self-citation
Civilization and Its Discontents
Bower, B. (1990) · Science News · doi:10.2307/3974684 · Cited by 423
The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes.
Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T. (1999) · Cited by 402
Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior.
(1994) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10149-000 · Cited by 402
Is the implicit association test immune to faking?
Steffens, M. (2004) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165 · Cited by 394
Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion?
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00527-9 · Cited by 383
Relatively strong automatic appetitive action‐tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G‐allele
Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Dictus, M., & Van Den Wildenberg, E. (2009) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00454.x · Cited by 377
Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use.
Stacy, A. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.61 · Cited by 366
Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the Self-Control Strength Model.
Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Neinhaus, K. (2002) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.16.2.113 · Cited by 366
Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death: Effects of self-control depletion and trait self-control on thoughts and fears of dying.
Gailliot, M. T., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.49 · Cited by 361
Implementation Intentions and Shielding Goal Striving From Unwanted Thoughts and Feelings
Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311201 · Cited by 348
The Principles of Psychology
Hall, G. S., & James, W. (1990) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423324 · Cited by 345
Toward a Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis
Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x · Cited by 331
Executive functioning: A conceptual framework for alcohol-related aggression.
Giancola, P. R. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.576 · Cited by 331
Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Roefs, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.013 · Cited by 304
Self-citation
(Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder: Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors.
Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.957 · Cited by 300
On the psychology of drinking: Being thirsty and perceptually ready
Aarts, H., Dijksterhuis, A., & de Vries, P. (2001) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712601162383 · Cited by 300
Development of cognition, affect, and social relations
Collins, W. A. (1980) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 292
Improved Self-Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic Study
Oaten, M., & Cheng, K. (2006) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2801_1 · Cited by 283
Interactions between implicit and explicit cognition and working memory capacity in the prediction of alcohol use in at-risk adolescents
Thush, C., Wiers, R. W., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.019 · Cited by 282
Method-Specific Variance in the Implicit Association Test.
Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1180 · Cited by 281
When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance
Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802556958 · Cited by 270
Self-citation
Prepared to eat: how immediate affective and motivational responses to food cues are influenced by food deprivation
Seibt, B., Häfner, M., & Deutsch, R. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.365 · Cited by 240
Control me or I will control you: Impulses, trait self-control, and the guidance of behavior
Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.004 · Cited by 226
Self-citation
Working memory capacity moderates the predictive effects of drug-related associations on substance use
Grenard, J. L., Ames, S. L., Wiers, R. W., Thush, C., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2008) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.22.3.426 · Cited by 221
Self-Regulation and Sexual Restraint: Dispositionally and Temporarily Poor Self-Regulatory Abilities Contribute to Failures at Restraining Sexual Behavior
Gailliot, M. T., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206293472 · Cited by 218
Implicit consumer preferences and their influence on product choice
Friese, M., Wänke, M., & Plessner, H. (2006) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20126 · Cited by 216
Self-citation
Ego—Depletion and Prejudice: Separating Automatic and Controlled Components
Govorun, O., & Payne, B. K. (2006) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.2.111 · Cited by 190
The Temptation and Restraint Inventory for measuring drinking restraint
Collins, R. L., & Lapp, W. M. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01964.x · Cited by 170
Impulses got the better of me: alcohol moderates the influence of implicit attitudes toward food cues on eating behavior.
Hofmann, W., & Friese, M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.420 · Cited by 170
Self-citation
Anxiety, hunger, and eating behavior.
Herman, C. P., Polivy, J., Lank, C. N., & Heatherton, T. F. (1987) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.96.3.264 · Cited by 152
Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior
Neumann, R., Hülsenbeck, K., & Seibt, B. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.006 · Cited by 151
The Effects of Behavioral Inhibition: Integrating Internal Cues, Cognition, Behavior, and Affect
Polivy, J. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0903_1 · Cited by 136
Drinking without thinking: An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use
Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.003 · Cited by 128
Alcohol effects on intentional behavior: Dissociating controlled and automatic influences.
Fillmore, M. T., Vogel-Sprott, M. D., & Gavrilescu, D. (1999) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.372 · Cited by 126
Ironic processes in the eating behaviour of restrained eaters
Boon, B. J. F., Stroebe, W., Schut, H. A. W., & IJntema, R. C. (2002) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910702169303 · Cited by 122
Loss of Willpower: Abnormal Neural Mechanisms of Impulse Control and Decision Making in Addiction
Bechara, A., Noël, X., & Crone, E. A. (2006) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976237.n15 · Cited by 106
Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance?
Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.525 · Cited by 105
Automatic affective responses to smoking cues.
Payne, B. K., McClernon, F. J., & Dobbins, I. G. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.4.400 · Cited by 105
The Search for New Ways to Change Implicit Alcohol‐Related Cognitions in Heavy Drinkers
Wiers, R. W. H. J., Cox, W. M., Field, M., Fadardi, J. S., Palfai, T. P., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Stacy, A. W. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00037.x · Cited by 100
Self‐Regulatory Resources Power the Reflective System: Evidence From Five Domains
Vohs, K. D. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1603_3 · Cited by 99
Heart Versus Reason in Condom Use: Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudinal Predictors of Sexual Behavior
Marsh, K. L., Johnson, B. T., & Scott‐Sheldon, L. A. J. (2001) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.161 · Cited by 94
On desire: why we want what we want
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-3965 · Cited by 88
Religion, morality, and self-control: values, virtues, and vices
Geyer, A. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005) · Cited by 74
Alcohol and behavioral control: Impaired response inhibition and flexibility in social drinkers.
Easdon, C. M., & Vogel-Sprott, M. D. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.8.3.387 · Cited by 66
Alcohol and self-regulation.
Hull, J. G., & Slone, L. B. (2004) · Cited by 64
What would you have as a last supper? Thoughts about death influence evaluation and consumption of food products
Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.06.003 · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Cooling the heat of temptation: Mental self‐control and the automatic evaluation of tempting stimuli
Hofmann, W., Deutsch, R., Lancaster, K., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.708 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Men on the “Pull”
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Gschwendner, T. (2009) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.73 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Evaluative conditioning with foods as CSs and body shapes as USs: No evidence for sex differences, extinction, or overshadowing
Dwyer, D. M., Jarratt, F., & Dick, K. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600551592 · Cited by 47
Nonconscious Control and Implicit Working Memory
Hassin, R. R. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307696.003.0009 · Cited by 47
Using foods as CSs and body shapes as UCSs: A putative role for associative learning in the development of eating disorders
Lascelles, K. R. R., Field, A. P., & Davey, G. C. L. (2003) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(03)80014-x · Cited by 32
Effects of restraint, monitoring, and stimulus salience on eating behavior
Collins, J. E. (1978) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(78)90019-9 · Cited by 20
17. The role of impulse in social behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 14
Self-citation

Research works printed but not linked: 16

10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252 · DOI · Paper page
Davidson D., 1980, Moral concepts, 43
Freud S., 1949, New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis
10.1037/1064-1297.8.4.576 · DOI
Hassin R.R., 2005, The new unconscious, 196
Herman C.P., 2004, The handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, 492
10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.264 · DOI
Hull J.G., 2004, The handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, 466
Langer E., 1989, Mindfulness
Lieberman M.D., 2007, Fundamentals of social neuroscience, 290
Marsh K.L., 2001, Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 161
McCabe L.A., 2004, The handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, 340
10.1037/0893-164X.16.2.113 · DOI
Pudel V., 1989, Fragebogen zum Essverhalten. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire
10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.61 · DOI
Webb T.L., 2003, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 279

Sorted by citations

Executive functions
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019486 · Cited by 2,265
Executive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965
Self-citation
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921
Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Trait Self-Control Relates to a Wide Range of Behaviors
de Ridder, D. T. D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311418749 · Cited by 1,693

See all 1,487

Authors: Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F.
Affiliations: University of Würzburg (DE)
University of Basel (CH)
Corresponding author: Hofmann, Wilhelm
ORCID: Hofmann, Wilhelm
Friese, Malte
Strack, Fritz
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 162-176
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x
OpenAlex: W1977835193
Semantic Scholar: 01bb2752a7444e2822d0ca456ba06f32dbd26d87
Cited by: 1,487
References: 144
Citations by year: 2026: 108 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 127 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 46.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: impulse control, self-control, dual-system theory, impulsivity, theory of planned behavior, long-term goals, hedonic motivation, boundary conditions, dietary habits, drinking behavior, sexual behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks