Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.
Abstract
The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and of social behaviors (i.e., helping behavior, coping with thoughts of death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed that (a) acts of self-control reduced blood glucose levels, (b) low levels of blood glucose after an initial self-control task predicted poor performance on a subsequent self-control task, and (c) initial acts of self-control impaired performance on subsequent self-control tasks, but consuming a glucose drink eliminated these impairments. Self-control requires a certain amount of glucose to operate unimpaired. A single act of self-control causes glucose to drop below optimal levels, thereby impairing subsequent attempts at self-control.
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Trougakos, J. P., Beal, D. J., Green, S. G., & Weiss, H. M. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.30764063 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Future thought and behaviour change
Oettingen, G. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.643698 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Self-regulation, ego depletion, and inhibition
Baumeister, R. F. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
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The Scarecrow and the Tin Man: The Vicissitudes of Human Sympathy and Caring
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The reticular-activating hypofrontality (RAH) model of acute exercise
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Deciding without Resources: Resource Depletion and Choice in Context
Pocheptsova, A., Amir, O., Dhar, R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.3.344 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion and perception: the role of affective information
Zadra, J. R., & Clore, G. L. (2011) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.147 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Free will in consumer behavior: Self‐control, ego depletion, and choice
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Self-citationBehavioral Economics and Psychology of Incentives
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Lunch Breaks Unpacked: The Role of Autonomy as a Moderator of Recovery during Lunch
Trougakos, J. P., Hideg, I., Cheng, B. H., & Beal, D. J. (2013) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.1072 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationCooperation and the evolution of hunter-gatherer storytelling
Major‐Smith, D., Schlaepfer, P., Major-Smith, K., Dyble, M., Page, A. E., Thompson, J., Chaudhary, N., Salalι, G. D., Mace, R. H., Astete, L. H., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02036-8 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018951 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
A labor/leisure tradeoff in cognitive control.
Kool, W., & Botvinick, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0031048 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Free Will in Scientific Psychology
Baumeister, R. F. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00057.x · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationLike ripples on a pond: Behavioral spillovers and their implications for research and policy
Dolan, P., & Galizzi, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.12.003 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
When prevention promotes creativity: The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure.
Baas, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Nijstad, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022981 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., Brewer, L. E., Tice, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
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The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13810 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Building self-control strength: Practicing self-control leads to improved self-control performance
Muraven, M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.011 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Mertgen, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00458 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Who strikes back? A daily investigation of when and why incivility begets incivility.
Rosen, C. C., Koopman, J., Gabriel, A. S., & Johnson, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000140 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Pain Catastrophizing: An Updated Review
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Wagner, D. T., Barnes, C. M., Lim, V. K. G., & Ferris, D. L. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027557 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.972 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Denson, T. F., Pedersen, W. C., Friese, M., Hahm, A., & Roberts, L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211401420 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality TraitsPreprint
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1135909 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Clarkson, J. J., Hirt, E. R., Jia, L., & Alexander, M. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017539 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Johnson, R. E., Lanaj, K., & Barnes, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035647 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Motivational Versus Metabolic Effects of Carbohydrates on Self-Control
Molden, D. C., Hui, C. M., Scholer, A. A., Meier, B. P., Noreen, E. E., D’Agostino, P. R., & Martin, V. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612439069 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Takahashi, H., Tampo, H., Arai, Y., Inoue, Y., & Kawashima, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179790 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Mental Fatigue Impairs Endurance Performance: A Physiological Explanation
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Martela, F., & Ryan, R. M. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9552-z · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Does the Brain Consume Additional Glucose during Self-Control Tasks?
Kurzban, R. (2010) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491000800208 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Mental Fatigue Impairs Intermittent Running Performance
Smith, M. R., Marcora, S., & Coutts, A. J. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000592 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Executive functions, self-regulation, and chronic pain: a review
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Daily Micro-Breaks and Job Performance: General Work Engagement as a Cross-Level Moderator
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Strength Model of Self-Regulation as Limited Resource
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Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.002 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
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Micro‐break activities at work to recover from daily work demands
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A General Model of Preventive and Interventive Self‐Control
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Economic Decision-Making in Poverty Depletes Behavioral Control
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Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion
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Hope and Optimism: Latent Structures and Influences on Grade Expectancy and Academic Performance
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Emotion Regulation and Sport Performance
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The Role of Glucose in Self-Control
Beedie, C., & Lane, A. M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311419817 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Kurzban, R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.003 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Crimes Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination
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The Impact of High School Financial Education: Evidence from a Large-Scale Evaluation in Brazil
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Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century
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- Authors
- Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., & Schmeichel, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 325-336
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2146569853
- Semantic Scholar
- 06145bac99b1596e45a37c17913d624202836e56
- Cited by
- 1,297
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 101 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 88.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- self-control, glucose, blood glucose, energy depletion, Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attentional control, helping behavior, fear of death, prejudice, interracial interaction, glucose supplementation, cognitive performance
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Blood Glucose, Emotions, Female, Helping Behavior, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Prejudice, Psychophysiology, Social Control, Informal
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