Functional–anatomical implications of the nucleus accumbens core and shell subterritories
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens, a major part of the ventral striatum, comprises numerous subterritories and compartments, of which the core and shell appear to be dominant. Shell exhibits greater chemical neuroanatomical diversity than core and is rather directly connected to it by a robust, feed-forward, striatopallido-thalamocortico-striatal pathway. Shell and extended amygdala share afferents, but the two are distinguished by their outputs, strongly toward cortex for shell and descendent toward brain stem effector sites for extended amygdala. Shell responds independently to stimulation by excitatory amino acids and dopamine, which are more mutually permissive in the core. Accordingly, the shell responds to a broad variety of physiological and pharmacological stimuli, including psychomotor and opioid drugs. Whereas locomotion and oro-facial movements are elicitable from the shell, lesions and blockade of EAA transmission in the core reduce locomotion. It is hypothesized that core-shell has a feed-forward functional organization.
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Some signals from the ventromedial striatum go back to the ventromedial striatum via the infralimbic cortex, and some reach the accumbens core via the prelimbic cortex and dorsal agranular insular cortex.
“While some signals from the ventromedial striatum go back to the ventromedial striatum via the infralimbic cortex, some signals reach the accumbens core via the prelimbic cortex, as suggested by Zahm (1999), and via the dorsal agranular insular cortex, apparently participating in lateral information flow.”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Zahm, 1999
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- Authors
- ZAHM, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- ZAHM, DANIEL S.
- ORCID
- ZAHM, DANIEL S.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 877
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-128
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2154129069
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS23805, R01NS023805)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- nucleus accumbens, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, ventral striatum, extended amygdala, dopamine, excitatory amino acids, locomotion, opioids
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Brain Stem, Humans, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Nucleus Accumbens
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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