The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Land‐use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon
Open accessAbstract
Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation. However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO 2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases ( GHG s) need to be included into the carbon footprint calculation of different bioenergy crops under a range of soil conditions and management practices. This review compiles existing knowledge on agronomic and environmental constraints and GHG balances of the major E uropean bioenergy crops, although it focuses on dedicated perennial crops such as M iscanthus and short rotation coppice species. Such second‐generation crops account for only 3% of the current E uropean bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to >99% less N 2 O than conventional annual crops. This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N‐use efficiency, due to effective N‐recycling. Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44 Mg soil C ha −1 yr −1 for poplar and willow and 0.66 Mg soil C ha −1 yr −1 for M iscanthus ). However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland. Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land‐use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops. Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the GHG balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.
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30 No full text of the sources · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 8 Own result · 6 Sources not found · 4 Partly supported · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO 2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Although carbon (C) emitted during combustion is balanced by C fixed by photosynthesis, bioenergy is not necessarily C neutral because of GHG emissions released during crop growth, field management, feedstock processing and transport.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Crutzen et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions say that N₂O emissions from fertilized biofuel crops can counteract fossil-fuel CO₂ savings and even cause net warming. The paper does not establish the claim about crop-production CO₂ and CH₄ emissions; its Conclusions say the analysis concentrates on N₂O from nitrogen fertilization. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“On the other hand, perennial energy crops may help to recapture SOC that was previously lost by cultivation (Dondini et al., 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dondini et al., 2009 source
The conclusion (p. 421) says that growing perennial grasses on carbon-depleted agricultural land provides an immediate soil-organic-carbon sequestration benefit. The Abstract also reports increased soil organic carbon when Miscanthus is grown on previously arable land. These passages support the citing sentence's qualified claim that perennial energy crops may help restore soil carbon. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a nine year study in Michigan, United States, five to six times smaller N 2 O emissions were measured for a poplar plantation compared with conventional cropland systems (Robertson et al., 2000).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Robertson et al., 2000 source
Table 2 reports N₂O contributions of 10 for poplar, versus 52 and 56 for conventional-tillage and no-till cropland—5.2 and 5.6 times as large, respectively. The paper states that fluxes were measured from 1991 to 1999, and reference note 8 locates the sites in southwest Michigan. The indexed copy labels these passages Abstract and References, respectively; page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“Emissions of N 2 O from soils and adjacent water bodies are able to turn the life cycle GHG balance of energy crops from a net sink into a net source (Crutzen et al., 2008;Searchinger et al., 2008).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Crutzen et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3 reports that N₂O emissions can exceed the cooling from displaced fossil fuels for some biofuels, and Appendix A includes emissions from nitrogen entering water systems. But Sections 3 and 4.2 explicitly say the analysis is not a full life-cycle assessment, so the paper does not establish a switch in the life-cycle GHG balance from net sink to net source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Searchinger et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On the other hand, on sandy soils direct N 2 O emissions may be shifted to indirect emissions from NO 3 À leached into adjacent water bodies (Crutzen et al., 2008;Well & Butterbach-Bahl, 2010).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Crutzen et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Appendix A (page not available in our copy) identifies indirect N₂O emissions from leached nitrogen leaving fields and entering water systems. It does not specify sandy soils or say that direct emissions shift to indirect emissions under those conditions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Well & Butterbach-Bahl, 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44 Mg soil C ha À1 yr À1 for poplar and willow and 0.66 Mg soil C ha À1 yr À1 for Miscanthus).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such second-generation crops account for only 3% of the current European bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to >99% less N 2 O than conventional annual crops.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the average emissions factor for reed canary grass on Irish mineral soils was only 0.2% (±0.14) of applied N compared to 1.38% (±0.14) for Lolium pastures (see Fig. 2e).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Average European atmospheric N deposition rates of 9-12 kg N ha À1 yr À1 are sufficient to replace most of the N lost with the harvested biomass (Holland et al., 2005).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Fertilization
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Holland et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all sites, N 2 O fluxes were high in comparison to CH 4 uptake (see Methane).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On SRC plantations, N 2 O emissions were reduced, on average, by 64% (95% confident interval: 24 to >99%, n = 11) compared with conventional annual crops (Fig. 2, Table 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirectn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Converted into energy, Miscanthus gives the highest average energy yields per area among a range of crop types examined (Table 2).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Agronomic and climate-related characteristics of bioenergy production
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For example in Ireland, the observed biomass yields of Miscanthus were up to 20% lower than expected from modelling when the stand age exceeded 10 years (Clifton-Brown et al., 2007).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Lifetime and site preparation for perennial energy crops
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clifton-Brown et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Winter season N 2 O emissions were reduced by 69% on a poplar plantation in comparison to an oilseed rape field at the Canstein site (Germany, see Fig. 2c).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences between various conventional energy crops seem not to be consistent with the exception of almost twice as high N 2 O emissions from potato and beet compared with cereals and oilseed rape (Table 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the N-fertilizer demand of perennial crops such as Miscanthus and poplar was always much lower when compared with annual crops.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Fertilization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, willow, poplar and Miscanthus show in some cases a higher water consumption compared with conventional crops if soil water is not limited (Finch et al., 2004;Guidi et al., 2008;Dimitriou et al., 2009;Rowe et al., 2009; Table 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Agronomic and climate-related characteristics of bioenergy production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Finch et al., 2004
- Not matchedcites Guidi et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dimitriou et al., 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A 5% and 10% higher water consumption was measured for Miscanthus and willow, respectively, compared with wheat and permanent grassland under similar soil and climate conditions (Borek et al., 2010).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Agronomic and climate-related characteristics of bioenergy production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Borek et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“These are larger estimates than derived from the IPCC default values (Fritsche & Wiegmann, 2008).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fritsche & Wiegmann, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Soil N 2 O emissions account, on average, for around 27% (range: 5-80%) of the GHG balance of biofuels produced from food crops (Armstrong et al., 2002;Lettens et al., 2003;JEC, 2008;Smeets et al., 2009;Hoefnagels et al., 2010).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Armstrong et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lettens et al., 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites JEC, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“A large uncertainty in LCAs is associated with N 2 O emissions from feedstock production (St Clair et al., 2008).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites St Clair et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There have been few field measurements of the GHG fluxes during energy crop production.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Land-use types with high SOC stocks, such as grasslands on organic soils, are more susceptible to land-use change to conventional energy crops than low C systems, such as croplands on well-drained soils (Poeplau et al., 2011).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poeplau et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Increased bioenergy production in industrialized countries may trigger land-use changes in other countries”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Finland, mean N 2 O emissions of reed canary grass cultivated on drained organic soils was only around 300 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 (Hyvo ¨nen et al., 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hyvönen et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most land classified as marginal or temporarily abandoned is still used, e.g., for transitional farming or subsistence farming.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Use of marginal land vs. fertile land for energy crop production
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Wheel traffic lanes on a potato field led to a 11 times higher annual N 2 O emission (up to 937 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 day) compared with emissions outside the compacted lanes (Flessa et al., 1998).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flessa et al., 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“On arable soils, winter N 2 O fluxes account for up to 90% of the total annual emissions (Flessa et al., 1998).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flessa et al., 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery can produce hot spots of N 2 O emissions (Hansen et al., 1993;Vermeulen & Mosquera, 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Per unit of bioenergy N 2 O emissions decrease with increasing yield per ha.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economic lifetime of perennial energy crops such as SRC and Miscanthus is probably limited to a few decades.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Lifetime and site preparation for perennial energy crops
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These processes are controlled by soil management, such as fertilization and tillage, and abiotic factors such as climate, frost and thaw frequency, soil porosity, moisture content, pH and organic C availability (e.g., Skiba & Smith, 2000;Ruser et al., 2001;Jungkunst et al., 2006;Stehfest & Bouwman, 2006).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perennial plants have the potential to take up mineral nitrogen all year around, depending on the climatic conditions, leading to reduced N 2 O emissions.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, land-use change from annual to perennial energy crops significantly reduces area-specific N 2 O emissions.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, an increased N-use efficiency, which is the amount of N fertilizer needed per yield of biomass, is the key to reduce N 2 O emissions.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The larger emissions from Miscanthus compared with the adjacent winter rye at the Hornum, Denmark site (Fig. 2a) may be related to reduced aeration and a higher soil water content, which is thought to be mainly due to accumulation of Miscanthus litter (Jørgensen et al., 1997).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jørgensen et al., 1997 source
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can be attributed to the higher nitrogen use efficiency of perennial crops.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirectn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Reduced tillage may, however, increase N 2 O emissions due to decreased soil aeration and higher soil moisture contents (Aulakh et al., 1984;Linn & Doran, 1984;Smith & Conen, 2004;Rochette, 2008).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land-use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The choice of the reference scenario is crucial and strongly determines the outcome of such a comparison (Smeets et al., 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smeets et al., 2009 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Soil moisture is one of the main variables that control seasonal and inter-annual N 2 O production by regulating the oxygen availability (Davidson, 1991;Ball et al., 1999;Skiba & Smith, 2000).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Given proper site selection, dedicated energy crops can be cultivated even on organic soils with low N 2 O emissions (Hyvo ¨nen et al., 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hyvönen et al., 2009 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Malca and Freire (2009) reported an SOC loss of 0.24 ± 30% Mg ha À1 yr À1 (880 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 ) when oilseed rape was cultivated on set aside land.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malca and Freire, 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an LCA for US croplands, it was estimated that the extension of bioenergy production into abandoned cropland caused a carbon debt of up to 69 Mg CO 2 ha À1 .”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fargione et al., 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“About 48 years of bioenergy production with substitution of fossil fuels would be needed to repay this debt (Fargione et al., 2008).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fargione et al., 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Emissions of N 2 O from dry, well-aerated soils, regardless of the management practice applied, are negligible compared with N 2 O emissions from poorly drained and fine-textured soils in high rainfall areas (Rochette, 2008;Hellebrand et al., 2010).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even though there is a wide range of grassland management types, on average most grasslands store higher SOC stocks than croplands under similar site conditions (Poeplau et al., 2011).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poeplau et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high future demand for energy crops in Europe will likely result in the increased utilization of poorly drained set aside soils for energy crop production.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In general, annual cropland conversion to perennial crops results in increased SOC stocks but SOC decreased if perennial crops or grasslands are converted to annual crops (Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2009;Poeplau et al., 2011).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not specified) says SOC accumulates when cultivated land becomes grassland, while conversion of native ecosystems to crops causes substantial SOC losses. The Discussion (page not specified) also reports SOC gains under perennial grasses and initial losses when native grassland or forest is converted to sugarcane. The paper does not establish the claimed general decrease specifically for conversion of perennial crops or grasslands to annual crops; its grassland-conversion example is sugarcane, a perennial crop. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poeplau et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Production costs per GJ of bioenergy from dedicated energy crops may be roughly one-third of that from conventional energy crops (de Wit & Faaij, 2010).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Bioenergy systems: definitions and current production status
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites de Wit & Faaij, 2010 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only five European data sets known to us that compare fluxes from conventional crops and dedicated energy crops under same environmental conditions are displayed in Fig. 2 two of them are new unpublished data sets.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, N 2 O emissions from Miscanthus at the Wexford site, Ireland were lower than those for maize, due to drier soils that resulted from increased water use (Fig. 2e).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Productivity of SRC are similar or even higher than that of conventional energy crops and 20-50% less N fertilizer is needed due to efficient remobilization of reserves (Scholz & Ellerbrock, 2002;Karp & Shield, 2008; Table 1).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Bioenergy systems: definitions and current production status
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scholz & Ellerbrock, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karp & Shield, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the loss of N fertilizer as N 2 O (emission factor) was reduced by 64% (95% confident interval: 25 to >99%, n = 7).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirectn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Perennial dedicated energy crops showed significantly lower N 2 O emissions than conventional energy crops except for Hornum, the Danish site, which is characterized by a short measurement period that was restricted to one vegetation period (Jørgensen et al., 1997).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jørgensen et al., 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Miscanthus and SRC have deeper roots (>2 m), than agricultural crops that enables them to use and deplete deeper groundwater resources, although this could be a disadvantage by affecting the local hydrological balance (Neukirchen et al., 1999;Crow & Houston, 2004).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Agronomic and climate-related characteristics of bioenergy production
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SRC are intensive land-use systems with often double the yields when compared with conventional forest systems (Table 1).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Bioenergy systems: definitions and current production status
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this data set, no C saturation effect was detected in soils but SOC sequestration remained constant throughout the life cycle of Miscanthus and the SRC plantation lifetime (Fig. 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the existing studies, we calculated an average (±SE) SOC accumulation of 1622 ± 1586 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 for SRC (0.44 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ) and 2427 ± 3421 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 (0.66 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ) for Miscanthus cultivated on former croplands (Fig. 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was no or even a negative SOC stock change, À4621 ± 2774 (À1.3 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ) and À316 ± 692 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 (À0.09Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ), if grassland was converted to SRC and Miscanthus respectively.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CO 2 balance of energy crops can be estimated by C stock changes in above and below ground biomass and in soils.This strongly depends on the previous land-use and former C stock levels, especially for the largest terrestrial C pool, the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poeplau et al., 2011 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N-use efficiency, due to effective N-recycling.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Deforestation of tropical primary forests can be a direct or indirect land-use change and causes very large C stock changes with a major impact on the GHG balance of bioenergy production (Palm et al., 1999;Don et al., 2011).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Palm et al., 1999
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Don et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The GHG footprint related to the production of modern bioenergy feedstock can be improved by applying existing knowledge and ecological principles, even though fully quantitative recommendations for site-specific optimal choices at farm level are not yet possible.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, many LCA are inconclusive and inconsistent because of different system boundaries that determine which energy and GHG fluxes are attributed to bioenergy as a product, and because calculations of GHG emissions during crop production are crude (Schlamadinger et al., 1997).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schlamadinger et al., 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, IPCC default values only provide a very general estimate of N 2 O emissions and cannot assess regionalized or sitespecific effects of crop species on GHG fluxes.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites IPCC, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The GHG balance of energy crops depends not only on the crop type but also on climate, soil and management, especially fertilization and tillage practices, as well as previous land-use.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fertilizer application rates are directly linked to GHG emissions for both conventional and energy cropping systems via concomitant N 2 O emissions from soils and additional GHG emissions associated with fertilizer production and transport.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Fertilization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, such land may harbour a high biodiversity or contain significant C stocks that will be lost upon cultivation (Eggers et al., 2009).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Use of marginal land vs. fertile land for energy crop production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eggers et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If SRC is established on sites under permanent vegetation, i.e., grasslands or woodland, partial or complete ploughing is required.Such management practices would have a negative effect on SOC stocks (see Carbon balance).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Fertilization
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expansion of bioenergy production to marginal land is further constrained by the high establishment costs of perennial energy crops and the often relatively low yields.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Use of marginal land vs. fertile land for energy crop production
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The emission of N 2 O and also the emission factor (N 2 O emission per applied N fertil-izer) are crop-specific with up to a 700% difference between different crop types for the same site, fertilization rate and measurement period (Kaiser & Ruser, 2000).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kaiser & Ruser, 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Winter harvesting also allows to keep the water table close to the surface in summer, which helps to conserve soil C in organic soils, e.g., under reed canary grass production.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the N 2 O emission factor was reduced by 39% during the winter when compared with a 65% reduction during the vegetation period (Flessa et al., 1998).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flessa et al., 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perennial bioenergy crops do not require annual tillage so that tillage-induced N mineralization and the possibility of increased N 2 O production as a loss of mineral N is minimized.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There may also be lag effects of crop residues ploughed under in the previous autumn, with residues from oilseed rape causing especially high N 2 O emissions, due to their high N content (Hadas et al., 2004).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hadas et al., 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present there is no clear explanation for these observed reductions in expected yield, but it is possibly due to the increasing physical space occupied by old non-vigorous rhizomes that reduce the productivity per unit area.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Lifetime and site preparation for perennial energy crops
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A main uncertainty in predicting future potential bioenergy production is the available land that could be converted to energy crops (Berndes et al., 2003).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Use of marginal land vs. fertile land for energy crop production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Berndes et al., 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, large scale establishment of dedicated energy crops is hampered by high establishment costs and investment in new machinery, as well as the absence of a yearly income with SRC and the lack of expertise or experience.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Bioenergy systems: definitions and current production status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the GHG balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, many perennial energy crops are harvested in winter (often in wetter conditions), which could, on the one hand, foster soil compaction and the production of N 2 O.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Marginal land is often poorly drained, but could support perennial energy crop production due to a sufficient water supply.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This underlines the importance of choosing crops with a high N-use efficiency, such as Miscanthus and SRC, as they reduce the N fertilization demand and subsequently the direct and indirect N 2 O emissions, regardless of the soil type they are cultivated on.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the reconversion of abandoned land to cropland causes SOC losses, as most abandoned land accumulated SOC through natural succession to grassland or woodland that would in turn be reduced upon re-cultivation.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the Hornum, Denmark site winter fluxes were not measured thus it is likely that the emission factors (Fig. 2a) are an underestimate.”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Nitrous oxide
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, any changes in SOC stocks depend critically on the former land-use history and may dominate the total bioenergy feedstock GHG balance (Table 3).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation.
“Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current bioenergy production takes place mainly on fertile cropland in direct competition with food production.
“Contrary to the political aim to open up marginal land for bioenergy crops current production takes place mainly on fertile cropland in direct competition with food production.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The GHG budget of bioenergy feedstock production depends on the net balance of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions during crop production and associated land-use changes and fossil fuel use during fertilizer and pesticide manufacture, transport and fuel for field machinery.
“The GHG budget of bioenergy feedstock production depends on the net balance of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O emissions during crop production and associated land-use changes and fossil fuel use during fertilizer and pesticide manufacture, transport and fuel for field machinery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
N2O production is a result of the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification.
“The production of N 2 O is a result of the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mineral fertilizers for agricultural production are the largest single global N2O source.
“Mineral fertilizers for agricultural production are the largest single global N 2 O source.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Machinery required to harvest perennial crops is similar to those currently used for arable crops, but with less frequent traffic.
“Machinery required to harvest perennial crops is similar to those currently used for arable crops, but with less frequent traffic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Paludiculture uses that part of the net primary production (NPP) that is not necessary for peat formation, which may amount to 80-90% of NPP.
“Paludiculture uses that part of the net primary production (NPP) that is not necessary for peat formation (which may amount to 80-90% of NPP).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although there have been previous reviews on C sequestration under PECs [8–11], some of these were either unrelated to SOC [12, 13], or did not report any experimental evidence [1, 14, 15], or focused on specific geographical regions [16].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“The mean dry mass yield was 8 Mg ha À1 for the two-year rotation, which was lower than the average values reported for SRWCs under European conditions [30].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Carbon balance
“In established willow SRC plantations 2-9 Mg C ha À1 has been measured as below ground biomass, which is 1100-2100 kg CO 2 equiv ha À1 yr À1 (Matthews, 2001).”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Conclusions and critical knowledge gaps
“| Willow | Medium (12) | Low (0.2-1.5, n = 6) | Low (0.2-1.5, n = 6) | Gain (mean: 1600) | Medium (200-890) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“In 2008, bioenergy accounted for 10% [50 exajoule (EJ), which is 10 À18 J] of the global primary energy consumption, but energy crops only contribute to 0.3% of the total energy, which is 6% of the total bioenergy produced”
§ Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon > Bioenergy systems: definitions and current production status
Reported 6 · recomputed 3
Citations
Cites
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Paustian, K. H., Ravindranath, N. H., & van Amstel, A. R. (2006) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 6,706
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R. A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D., & Yu, T.-H. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151861 · Cited by 4,888 · cited 4×
“Increased bioenergy production in industrialized countries may trigger land-use changes in other countries (Fargione et al., 2008; Searchinger et al., 2008, 2009; Fritsche et al., 2010).”
InfluentialChanges in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing
Forster, P. M. D. F., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P. E., Berntsen, T. K., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J. L., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., et al. (2007) · elib (German Aerospace Center) · Cited by 4,638
Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis
Guo, L. B., & Gifford, R. M. (2002) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x · Cited by 3,972
Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt
Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Hawthorne, P. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152747 · Cited by 3,902
Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain
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Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential
Post, W. M., & Kwon, K. C. (2000) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x · Cited by 2,602
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Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass
Tilman, D., Hill, J., & Lehman, C. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133306 · Cited by 1,813
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- AEBIOM, 2010, European Biomass Statistics, 75
- ArmstrongAP BaroJ DartoyJ GrovesAP NikkonenJ RickeardDJ(2002)CONCAWE Ad Hoc Group on Alternative Fuels Vol. 2/2002. CONCAWE. Available at: http://www.concawe.be (accessed 8 August 2011).
- Baitz M, 2004, Comparative Life‐Cycle Assessment for SunDiesel (Choren Process) and Conventional Diesel Fuel
- EU, 2007, The Impact of a Minimum 10% Obligation for Biofuel Use in the EU‐27 in 2020 on Agricultural Markets, 10
- EU, 2009, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. O. J. o. t. E. Union
- Eulenstein F, 2011, Potenzielle Klimawirkung des Anbaus von Pflanzen zur Erzeugung von Biomasse für, Biokraftstoffé Aufgrund Klimawirksamer Gasemissionen und Weitere Umweltwirkungen, 135
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- European Biodiesel Board, 2010, Production of Biodiesel in the EU
- Evans S, 2007, Report to DTI, 91
- FAO, 2008, The State of Food and Agriculture ‐ Biofuels Prospects, Risk and Opportunities
- Flessa H, 1998, Freisetzung und Verbrauch der Klimarelevanten Spurengase N2O und CH4 Beim Anbau Nachwachsender Rohstoffe, 133
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment
Creutzig, F., Ravindranath, N. H., Berndes, G., Bolwig, S., Bright, R., Cherubini, F., Chum, H., Corbera, E., Delucchi, M., Faaij, A., et al. (2015) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12205 · Cited by 752
“Emission rates can vary by as much as 700% between different crop types for the same site, fertilization rate and measurement period (Kaiser & Ruser, 2000; Don et al. , 2012; Yang et al. , 2012).”
Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy
Gasparatos, A., Doll, C. N. H., Esteban, M., Ahmed, A., & Olang, T. A. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030 · Cited by 618
The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy
de Ven, D.-J. V., Capellán‐Pérez, I., Arto, I., Cazcarro, I., de Castro, C., Patel, P., & González‐Eguino, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82042-5 · Cited by 378
Biomass for energy in the European Union - a review of bioenergy resource assessments
Bentsen, N. S., & Felby, C. (2012) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/1754-6834-5-25 · Cited by 288
“Models tend to be static and work on a national or regional geographical and not validated against local empirical data [84,91].”
BackgroundEnvironmental costs and benefits of growing Miscanthus for bioenergy in the UK
McCalmont, J. P., Hastings, A., McNamara, N. P., Richter, G. M., Robson, P., Donnison, I. S., & Clifton‐Brown, J. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12294 · Cited by 244
“Dedicated perennial energy crops, produced on existing, lower grade, agricultural land, offer a sustainable alternative with significant savings in greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration when produced with appropriate management (Crutzen et al., 2008; Hastings et al., 2008, 2012; Cherubini et al., 2009…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Don, A., Osborne, B., Hastings, A., Skiba, U., Carter, M. S., Drewer, J., Flessa, H., Freibauer, A., Hyvönen, N., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G. J., Mander, Ü., Monti, A., Djomo, S. N., Valentine, J., Walter, K., Zegada‐Lizarazu, W., & Zenone, T.
- Affiliations
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (DE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Aberystwyth University (GB)
- University of Toledo (US)
- Corresponding author
- Don, Axel
- ORCID
- Venue
- GCB Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-04
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 372-391
- ISSN
- 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2157918818
- Cited by
- 363
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 46.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CNR ExploRA (submittedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (244122)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/F014961/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (233366)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- energy crops, land use change, greenhouse gas balance, soil carbon sequestration, nitrous oxide emissions, methane emissions, carbon footprint, perennial energy crops, short rotation coppice, Miscanthus, nitrogen use efficiency, climate change mitigation, Europe
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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