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Cited by 294Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthSports Performance and Training

Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training

Open access
Metcalfe, Richard S., Babraj, John A., Fawkner, Samantha G., Vollaard, Niels B. J.·2012·European Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1007/s00421-011-2254-z
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Abstract

High-intensity interval training (HIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient alternative to traditional cardiorespiratory exercise training, but is very fatiguing. In this study, we investigated the effects of a reduced-exertion HIT (REHIT) exercise intervention on insulin sensitivity and aerobic capacity. Twenty-nine healthy but sedentary young men and women were randomly assigned to the REHIT intervention (men, n = 7; women, n = 8) or a control group (men, n = 6; women, n = 8). Subjects assigned to the control groups maintained their normal sedentary lifestyle, whilst subjects in the training groups completed three exercise sessions per week for 6 weeks. The 10-min exercise sessions consisted of low-intensity cycling (60 W) and one (first session) or two (all other sessions) brief ‘all-out’ sprints (10 s in week 1, 15 s in weeks 2–3 and 20 s in the final 3 weeks). Aerobic capacity (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}{}_{ 2}{\text{peak}} $$\end{document}) and the glucose and insulin response to a 75-g glucose load (OGTT) were determined before and 3 days after the exercise program. Despite relatively low ratings of perceived exertion (RPE 13 ± 1), insulin sensitivity significantly increased by 28% in the male training group following the REHIT intervention (P < 0.05). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}{}_{ 2}{\text{peak}} $$\end{document} increased in the male training (+15%) and female training (+12%) groups (P < 0.01). In conclusion we show that a novel, feasible exercise intervention can improve metabolic health and aerobic capacity. REHIT may offer a genuinely time-efficient alternative to HIT and conventional cardiorespiratory exercise training for improving risk factors of T2D.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A 6-week reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) program—3 sessions/week, 10 minutes each, totaling 30 minutes/week—improved insulin sensitivity in sedentary young men and aerobic capacity in both men and women. The authors conclude REHIT may be a time-efficient alternative to classic HIT and conventional cardiorespiratory training for improving type 2 diabetes risk factors.

Key findings

  • Insulin sensitivity increased by 28% in the male REHIT group following training (P<0.05), but not in female subjects.
  • VO₂peak increased by 15% in men and 12% in women after REHIT (P<0.01), with no significant gender difference in this effect.
  • No changes in weight or BMI occurred in any group; mean adherence to the REHIT program was 97%, and 10 of 15 training participants completed all 18 sessions.
  • Mean RPE peaked at session 12 (week 4) at about 14 (“somewhat hard”); no participant gave an RPE higher than 15, though women found the program significantly harder than men.

Methods

  • Twenty-nine healthy but sedentary young men (n=13) and women (n=16) were randomized to REHIT or control; training groups were men n=7 and women n=8, control groups were men n=6 and women n=8.
  • REHIT consisted of 3 supervised sessions/week for 6 weeks; each 10-minute session included low-intensity cycling at 60 W plus one (first session) or two all-out sprints, with sprint duration increasing from 10 s in week 1 to 15 s in weeks 2–3 and 20 s in the final 3 weeks.
  • Insulin sensitivity was assessed by OGTT with 75 g glucose and the Cederholm index; aerobic capacity was assessed by a graded cycling VO₂peak test before and 3 days after training; three-way mixed-model ANOVAs tested gender × group × time effects.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: the study had low statistical power, especially for the female REHIT group (n=8); possible non-responders may explain the lack of insulin-sensitivity improvement in women; the post-intervention OGTT was 3 days after the final session, so earlier improvements in women cannot be ruled out; glycogen depletion and sprint power output were not measured; some women struggled to increase pedal frequency/power during sprints, possibly reducing glycogen depletion; and the RPE scale may not validly capture exertion during interval exercise and may underestimate sprint effort.
  • Evident from the text: the gender-specific insulin-sensitivity finding rests on very small subgroups, and the control condition was maintenance of a sedentary lifestyle rather than an active comparison intervention.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00421-011-2254-z

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 40 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Following reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training, peak oxygen uptake increased by 12% in women.

    “2 peak increased in the male training (+15%) and female training (+12%) groups (P<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    No significant changes in insulin area under the curve were observed following reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training.

    “No significant changes in insulin AUC were observed (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was no significant gender difference in the effect of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training on peak oxygen uptake.

    “following REHIT 2 peak was increased by 15% in men and by 12% in women with no significant gender difference in this effect ( able 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There were no changes in weight or body mass index following the reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training program in any of the groups.

    “There were no changes in weight or BMI following the REHIT training program in any of the groups (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Following reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training, peak oxygen uptake increased by 15% in men.

    “2 peak increased in the male training (+15%) and female training (+12%) groups (P<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 20
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For women, post-intervention glucose area under the curve was increased, but there was no significant difference between the female reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training and control groups.

    “A significant main effect for time for women (P<0.05)indicated that postintervention values for glucose AUC were increased, but there was no significant difference between the female REHIT and control groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Mean ratings of perceived exertion peaked at the end of session 12 in week 4, corresponding to somewhat hard in men and between somewhat hard and hard in women.

    “Mean RPE values peaked at the end of session 12 (week 4; 2x20 s), corresponding to 'somewhat hard' and between 'somewhat hard' and 'hard' in men and women respectively (Figure 4A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    None of the participants gave a rating of perceived exertion score higher than 15.

    “None of the participants gave an RPE score higher than 15.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Female participants found the training program significantly harder than male participants.

    “When mean RPE values over the whole training program were calculated, female participants found the training program significantly harder than male participants (Figure 4B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some female volunteers struggled with the transition from 60 W to the all-out sprints and were unable to substantially increase their pedal frequency and power output during the sprints.

    “we observed that some of the female volunteers struggled with the transition from 60 W to the all-out sprints, and were unable to substantially increase their pedal frequency, and thus their power output during the sprints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants were asked to maintain their normal lifestyle patterns throughout the study period to control for changes in diet and physical activity.

    “the potentially confounding effect of changes in diet and physical activity patterns was fully explained to all participants and they were asked to maintain their normal lifestyle patterns throughout the study period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants in both groups did not change their physical activity patterns outside the intervention during the study.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A typical high-intensity interval training session requires more than 20 minutes total time commitment including warm-up, recovery intervals and cool-down, reducing time-efficiency.

    “although a typical HIT session requires only 2-3 minutes of actual sprint exercise, when considered as a feasible exercise session including a warm-up, recovery intervals and cool-down, the total time commitment is more than 20 minutes, reducing the timeefficiency (Garber et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Garber et al. 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Ten out of fifteen training group participants completed all 18 training sessions, with a mean adherence to the reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training program of 97% for all subjects combined.

    “Ten out of fifteen training group participants completed all 18 training sessions (100% adherence), with a mean adherence to the REHIT training program of 97% for all subjects combined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise is essential for good metabolic and cardiovascular function, of which insulin action is a key component.

    “exercise, rather than just being a useful strategy for improving health, is actually essential for good metabolic and cardiovascular function, of which insulin action is a key component (Thyfault and Krogh-Madsen 2011;Booth et al. 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Thyfault and Krogh-Madsen 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Booth et al. 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lack of time is often cited as a barrier to being physically active.

    “'Lack of time' is often cited as a barrier to being physically active (Korkiakangas et al. 2009;Reichert et al. 2007)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Korkiakangas et al. 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Reichert et al. 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The traditional high-intensity interval training protocol of 4-6 by 30 seconds may be unnecessarily strenuous because similar glycogen depletion may be achieved using 1-2 sprints of shorter duration of 15-20 seconds.

    “This suggests that the traditional HIT protocol (4-6×30 seconds) may be unnecessarily strenuous as similar glycogen depletion may be achieved using 1-2 sprints of shorter duration (15-20 seconds).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    High levels of glycogen depletion during repeated 30-second Wingate sprints may play an important role in mediating improvements in insulin sensitivity following high-intensity interval training.

    “We (Babraj et al. 2009) and others (Whyte et al. 2010) have suggested that high levels of glycogen depletion observed during repeated 30-second Wingate sprints may play an important role in mediating improvements in insulin sensitivity following HIT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Babraj et al. 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Whyte et al. 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Regular exercise is associated with improved muscle insulin sensitivity and represents an effective strategy to prevent type 2 diabetes.

    “regular exercise is associated with improved muscle insulin sensitivity and thus represents an effective strategy to prevent T2D (Hawley and Gibala 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hawley and Gibala 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycogenolysis is only activated during the first 15 seconds of a 30-second Wingate sprint and is then strongly attenuated during the final 15 seconds.

    “glycogenolysis is only activated during the first 15 seconds of the sprint and is then strongly attenuated during the final 15 seconds (Parolin et al. 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Parolin et al. 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Using 1-2 shorter sprints would make training sessions more time-efficient, less strenuous and more applicable to the largely sedentary general population.

    “In turn, this would make the training sessions more time-efficient, less strenuous and more applicable to the largely sedentary general population.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    A 6-week reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training intervention consisting of very brief, manageable sessions is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in sedentary young men and improved aerobic capacity in men and women.

    “In the present study we show that a 6-week novel exercise intervention consisting of very brief, manageable sessions is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in sedentary young men, and improved aerobic capacity in men and women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muscle glycogen availability is inversely related to muscle cell membrane GLUT4 content during insulin stimulation, glycogen synthase activity, GLUT4 mRNA expression, and hence insulin sensitivity.

    “This hypothesis is based on evidence that muscle glycogen availability is inversely related to muscle cell membrane GLUT4 content during insulin stimulation (Derave et al. 2000), glycogen synthase activity (Jensen et al. 2006), the expression of GLUT4 mRNA (Steinberg et al. 2006), and hence insulin sensitivity (Derave et al. 2000;Jensen et al. 2006;Kawanaka et al. 2000;Laurent et al. 2000;Lither”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Derave et al. 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Jensen et al. 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Steinberg et al. 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Twenty-nine healthy but sedentary young men and women were randomly assigned to the reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training intervention or a control group.

    “Twenty-nine healthy but sedentary young men and women were randomly assigned to the REHIT intervention (men: n=7, women n=8) or a control group (men n=6; women n=8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The relatively high exertion associated with classic high-intensity interval training sessions requires strong motivation and may be perceived as too strenuous for many sedentary individuals.

    “the relatively high exertion associated with 'classic' HIT sessions requires strong motivation and may be perceived as too strenuous for many sedentary individuals (Hawley and Gibala 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hawley and Gibala 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The improvements were observed despite low required effort, with ratings of perceived exertion peaking at an average of 14, somewhat hard, in week 4.

    “Importantly, the improvements were observed despite the low time commitment (totalling 30 minutes per week) and low required effort: RPE peaked at an average of 14 ('somewhat hard') in week 4 which is comparable with RPE scores reported with prolonged cycling at 50-75% 2 max (Borg 1982).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    There is a dissociation between changes in aerobic capacity and changes in insulin sensitivity, since women improved their aerobic capacity but not their insulin sensitivity.

    “Interestingly, since women improved their aerobic capacity but not their insulin sensitivity, it appears that there is a dissociation between changes in aerobic capacity and changes in insulin sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The post-intervention OGTT was scheduled three days following the final exercise session, and the study cannot rule out that insulin sensitivity was improved in female subjects at an earlier time-point.

    “Furthermore, the post-intervention OGTT was scheduled three days following the final exercise session, and we cannot rule out that insulin sensitivity was improved in female subjects at an earlier time-point.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Current exercise guidelines remain largely ineffective at a societal level, partly because they fail to sufficiently consider key barriers such as lack of time.

    “However, whilst these guidelines may be effective in people who adhere to them, they remain largely ineffective at a societal level (Allender et al. 2008), partly because they fail to sufficiently consider the key barriers which prevent people from performing regular exercise, such as 'lack of time'.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allender et al. 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    RPE values obtained in this manner may underestimate exertion during the sprints; other studies where RPE has been obtained following a 20 second all out sprint have reported higher values of ~16-18.

    “RPE values obtained in this manner may underestimate exertion during the sprints; indeed, other studies where RPE has been obtained following a 20 second all out sprint have reported higher values of ~16-18 (Baker et al. 2001;Gearhart et al. 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Baker et al. 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gearhart et al. 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    There are limitations to the use of the RPE scale in the current study, as the RPE scale is designed for use during continuous exercise at a constant intensity and may not be a valid measure of exertion during interval based exercises, especially when values are given retrospectively of the most intense exercise.

    “However, there are limitations to the use of the RPE scale in the current study, as the RPE scale is designed for use during (or immediately following) continuous exercise at a constant intensity and may not be a valid measure of exertion during interval based exercises, especially when values are given retrospective of the most intense exercise, as was the case in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Following a traditional aerobic exercise intervention in a large cohort, insulin sensitivity improved to a greater degree in men when compared with women, but the female participants had a higher baseline level of insulin sensitivity which may have impacted on the subsequent training response.

    “Following a traditional aerobic exercise intervention in a large cohort, insulin sensitivity improved to a greater degree in men when compared with women but (similar to our study) the female participants had a higher baseline level of insulin sensitivity which may have impacted on the subsequent training response (Boule et al. 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boule et al. 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In this study, a very brief and feasible exercise intervention is associated with improvements in metabolic health and aerobic capacity.

    “In conclusion, in this study we have shown that a very brief and feasible exercise intervention is associated with improvements in metabolic health and aerobic capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants in both groups did not change their physical activity patterns outside the intervention during the study.

    “the potentially confounding effect of changes in diet and physical activity patterns was fully explained to all participants and they were asked to maintain their normal lifestyle patterns throughout the study period.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No other study has investigated the effects of HIT on insulin sensitivity in women.

    “No other study has investigated the effects of HIT on insulin sensitivity in women.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Very brief SIT protocols involving ≤10 min per session elicit adaptations similar to longer SIT protocols and MICT.

    “Recent studies have shown that very brief SIT protocols involving ≤10 min per session elicit adaptations similar to longer SIT protocols and MICT [15–17].”

    From Twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of cardiometabolic health similar to traditional endurance training despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment (2016) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that 10-minute sessions improved aerobic capacity in men and women, and that the insulin-sensitivity improvement in men was comparable in magnitude to responses reported for classic HIT. It does not establish that the brief protocol produced adaptations similar to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT); insulin sensitivity did not improve in the women studied. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases aerobic capacity in both men and women, but its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity appears to be blunted in women.

    “while high-intensity interval training (HIIT; for the purpose of this review including both sprint-and high-intensity interval training) increases aerobic capacity in both men and women, its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity appears to be blunted in women (Metcalfe et al. 2012;Gillen et al. 2013).”

    From Sex‐based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women (2016) · cites this paper as Metcalfe et al. 2012

    The Results and Discussion report that REHIT increased aerobic capacity in both sexes, while insulin sensitivity improved in men but not women. The claim extends this finding to HIIT generally; the Discussion notes that a previous study of classic HIT did not find a sex difference, and says larger studies are needed to confirm the REHIT observation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Metcalfe et al. reported that a 10 min low-intensity cycling protocol that included 2×20 s all-out sprints, performed 18 times over 6 wk, improved insulin sensitivity measured by OGTTs in men but not women.

    “Metcalfe et al. [10] recently reported that a 10 min low-intensity cycling protocol that included 2×20 s all-out sprints, performed 18 times over 6 wk, improved insulin sensitivity measured by OGTTs in men but not women [10].”

    From Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health (2014) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Insulin sensitivity based on oral glucose tolerance tests was improved after training in men but not women.

    “Metcalfe et al. [10] also reported that insulin sensitivity based on oral glucose tolerance tests was improved after training in men but not women, highlighting the potential for sex-based differences in the adaptive response.”

    From Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health (2014) · cites this paper as [10]

  • A 10 min training protocol involving low-intensity cycling except for 2, 20 sec all out sprints improved cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) in previously sedentary adults when performed 3 times per week for 6 weeks.

    “Metcalfe and colleagues [10] reported that a 10 min training protocol, involving low-intensity cycling except for 2, 20 sec all out sprints, improved cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) in previously sedentary adults when performed 3x/wk for 6 wk.”

    From Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health (2014) · cites this paper as [10]

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Related

Authors
Metcalfe, R. S., Babraj, J. A., Fawkner, S. G., & Vollaard, N. B. J.
Affiliations
  • Heriot-Watt University (GB)
  • Abertay University (GB)
Corresponding author
Vollaard, Niels B. J.
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-11-29
Volume
112
Issue
7
Pages
2767-2775
ISSN
  • 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-6319
  • 1439-6327
DOI
10.1007/s00421-011-2254-z
OpenAlex
W2070323514
Semantic Scholar
68782c041fc1329362729634e4547a4ea4aa1fea
Cited by
294
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 5
FWCI
53.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) (submittedVersion)
  • Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Funders
Heriot-Watt University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
high-intensity interval training, insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic health, type 2 diabetes risk, all-out sprints, sedentary lifestyle, time-efficient exercise, glucose tolerance
MeSH terms
Adult, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Exercise Tolerance, Young Adult

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