Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines
Abstract
Women's participation and attitudes to talent: Some scientific disciplines have lower percentages of women in academia than others. Leslie et al. hypothesized that general attitudes about the discipline would reflect the representation of women in those fields (see the Perspective by Penner). Surveys revealed that some fields are believed to require attributes such as brilliance and genius, whereas other fields are believed to require more empathy or hard work. In fields where people thought that raw talent was required, academic departments had lower percentages of women. Science , this issue p. 262 ; see also p. 234
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In male-dominated disciplines such as engineering, academic success has been understood to depend on raw brilliance, a quality less frequently attributed to women.
“Further, in male-dominated disciplines such as engineering, academic success has been understood to depend on raw brilliance, a quality less frequently attributed to women [23].”
From Gender in Engineering Departments: Are There Gender Differences in Interruptions of Academic Job Talks? (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent.
“Recent research has shown that”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer, & Freeland, 2015
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- Authors
- Leslie, S.-J., Cimpian, A., Meyer, M., & Freeland, E.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Otterbein University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Sarah-Jane
- Cimpian, Andrei
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2015-01-16
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 6219
- Pages
- 262-265
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2058271572
- Cited by
- 1,516
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 282.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF (BCS-1226942)
- Spencer Foundation (201100111)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- women in academia, underrepresentation of women, African American academics, academic disciplines, humanities versus sciences, gender expectations
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Achievement, Aptitude, Attitude, Black or African American, Career Choice, Culture, Education, Graduate, Faculty, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Natural Science Disciplines, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Characteristics, Social Sciences, Stereotyping, Students, Women, Sexism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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