Inactivation of Transcription Factor Gene ACE2 in the Fungal Pathogen Candida glabrata Results in Hypervirulence
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During an infection, the coordinated orchestration of many factors by the invading organism is required for disease to be initiated and to progress. The elucidation of the processes involved is critical to the development of a clear understanding of host-pathogen interactions. For Candida species, the inactivation of many fungal attributes has been shown to result in attenuation. Here we demonstrate that the Candida glabrata homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor gene ACE2 encodes a function that mediates virulence in a novel way. Inactivation of C. glabrata ACE2 does not result in attenuation but, conversely, in a strain that is hypervirulent in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. C. glabrata ace2 null mutants cause systemic infections characterized by fungal escape from the vasculature, tissue penetration, proliferation in vivo, and considerable overstimulation of the proinflammatory arm of the innate immune response. Compared to the case with wild-type fungi, mortality occurs much earlier in mice infected with C. glabrata ace2 cells, and furthermore, 200-fold lower doses are required to induce uniformly fatal infections. These data demonstrate that C. glabrata ACE2 encodes a function that plays a critical role in mediating the host-Candida interaction. It is the first virulence-moderating gene to be described for a Candida species.
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Deletion of ACE2 in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in attenuation of virulence.
“The deletion of ACE2 in C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the attenuation of virulence”
From Cell aggregation mediated by <i>ACE2</i> deletion in <i>Candida auris</i> modulates fungal colonization and host immune responses in the skin (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Deletion of ACE2 in Candida glabrata provoked virulence.
“but in Candida glabrata provoked virulence (38, 39)”
From Cell aggregation mediated by <i>ACE2</i> deletion in <i>Candida auris</i> modulates fungal colonization and host immune responses in the skin (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Disruption of the transcription factor CgAce2 leads to cell aggregation due to defects in cell separation, and hypervirulence.
“Furthermore, disruption of the transcription factor CgAce2 is known to lead to cell aggregation, due to defects in cell separation, and hypervirulence [72,73].”
From Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
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Evolution of PathogenicCandidaSpecies
Odds, F. C. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815639.ch47 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lilić, D., & Haynes, K. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5492-0_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCandida glabrata and the host: a neglected affair
Ghosh, M., Raney, M., & Kaur, R. (2026) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.002161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using Bioluminescence to Image Candida glabrata Urinary Tract Infections in Mice
Schrevens, S., Torelli, R., Sanguinetti, M., & Sanglard, D. (2023) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3155-3_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Novel strategies for engineering redox metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Medina, V. G. (2013) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · doi:10.4233/uuid:a3795084-4b85-40e9-9ba1-b545408954a2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Regulators of Candida glabrata Pathogenicity
Haynes, K. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-30809-1_11
Self-citationChapter 7 Ace2 and fungal virulence
Findon, H., & Haynes, K. (2008) · The British Mycological Society symposium series · doi:10.1016/s0275-0287(08)80049-5
Self-citationGenome dynamics and virulence in the human pathogen Candida glabrata
Ahmad, K. M. (2014) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Mitotic Exit: Thresholds and Targets
Procko, A. L. (2025) · Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University) · doi:10.48496/pr4n-dh66
The Roles of Hsp90 and Calcineurin in Antifungal Drug Resistance
Singh, S. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
(2004) · Yeast · doi:10.1002/yea.1095
- Authors
- Kamran, M., Calcagno, A.-M., Findon, H., Bignell, E., Jones, M. D., Warn, P., Hopkins, P., Denning, D. W., Butler, G., Rogers, T., Mühlschlegel, F. A., & Haynes, K.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
- Haynes, Ken
- ORCID
- Venue
- Eukaryotic Cell
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 546-552
- ISSN
- 1535-9778 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-9786
- PMC
- PMC387657
- OpenAlex
- W2126597545
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Eukaryotic Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, hypervirulence, fungal virulence, invasive candidiasis, host-pathogen interaction, innate immune response, inflammatory cytokines, systemic fungal infection, tissue penetration, virulence genes
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Candidiasis, Chitinases, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fungal Proteins, Interferon-gamma, Liver, Lung, Phenotype, Transcription Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Virulence, Interleukin-6, Gene Silencing, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Candida glabrata, Mice
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