Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines
Open accessAbstract
Objectives—To review results on exercise induced changes in the immune system following strenuous and moderate exercise. Methods—A literature search over the past 15 years was conducted using Medline and selected papers. Results—After intense long term exercise, the immune system is characterised by concomitant impairment of the cellular immune system and increased inflammation. Thus low concentrations of lymphocytes, suppressed natural immunity, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation, and suppressed levels of secretory IgA in saliva are found simultaneously with high levels of circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinological and metabolic factors. The clinical consequences of the exercise induced immune changes have not formally been identified, but the exercise effect on lymphocyte dynamics and immune function may be linked to the exercise effects on resistance to infections and malignancy and the cytokine response may be linked to muscle damage or muscle cell growth. Conclusions—Moderate exercise across the life span seems to increase resistance to upper respiratory tract infections, whereas repeated strenuous exercise suppresses immune function. It is premature to offer advice on nutrition to athletes in order to alter the exercise induced immunosuppression found after exercise.
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An acute exercise bout may first be pro-inflammatory, then offset by an anti-inflammatory response.
“As shown in humans, an acute bout of exercise might be initially pro-inflammatory, but subsequently this effect is offset by an anti-inflammatory response30,124.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [124]
The immune effects of chronic exercise may depend on intensity, with moderate exercise enhancing immunity and strenuous exercise possibly impairing it.
“The effects of chronic exercise on the immune system might depend on intensity, with immune enhancement by moderate exercise and possible impairment by strenuous exercise124.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [124]
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- Authors
- Pedersen, B. K., & Toft, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-251
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1724218
- OpenAlex
- W2142126156
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- exercise immunology, exercise-induced immunosuppression, lymphocytes, cytokines, inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, cellular immune function, natural immunity, lymphocyte proliferation, secretory IgA, upper respiratory tract infection, infection resistance, muscle damage, sports nutrition, neuroendocrine mechanisms, metabolic factors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Glutamine, Humans, Lymphocytes, Exercise, Cytokines
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