Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial

Morrison, A. P.; French, P.; Stewart, S. L. K.; Birchwood, M.; Fowler, D.; Gumley, A. I.; Jones, P. B.; Bentall, R. P.; Lewis, S. W.; Murray, G. K.; Patterson, P.; Brunet, K.; Conroy, J.; Parker, S.; Reilly, T.; Byrne, R.; Davies, L. M.; Dunn, G.

doi:10.1136/bmj.e2233

Cited by 332Schizophrenia research and treatmentPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsBipolar Disorder and Treatment

Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial

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Morrison, A. P., French, P., Stewart, S. L. K., Birchwood, M., Fowler, D., Gumley, A. I., Jones, P. B., Bentall, R. P. +10 more·2012·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.e2233PMC PMC3320714

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in preventing the worsening of emerging psychotic symptoms experienced by help seeking young people deemed to be at risk for serious conditions such as schizophrenia. DESIGN: Multisite single blind randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Diverse services at five UK sites. PARTICIPANTS: 288 participants aged 14-35 years (mean 20.74, SD 4.34 years) at high risk of psychosis: 144 were assigned to cognitive therapy plus monitoring of mental state and 144 to monitoring of mental state only. Participants were followed-up for a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 24 months. INTERVENTION: Cognitive therapy (up to 26 (mean 9.1) sessions over six months) plus monitoring of mental state compared with monitoring of mental state only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was scores on the comprehensive assessment of at risk mental states (CAARMS), which provides a dichotomous transition to psychosis score and ordinal scores for severity of psychotic symptoms and distress. Secondary outcomes included emotional dysfunction and quality of life. RESULTS: Transition to psychosis based on intention to treat was analysed using discrete time survival models. Overall, the prevalence of transition was lower than expected (23/288; 8%), with no significant difference between the two groups (proportional odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 1.68). Changes in severity of symptoms and distress, as well as secondary outcomes, were analysed using random effects regression (analysis of covariance) adjusted for site and baseline symptoms. Distress from psychotic symptoms did not differ (estimated difference at 12 months -3.00, 95% confidence interval -6.95 to 0.94) but their severity was significantly reduced in the group assigned to cognitive therapy (estimated between group effect size at 12 months -3.67, -6.71 to -0.64, P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive therapy plus monitoring did not significantly reduce transition to psychosis or symptom related distress but reduced the severity of psychotic symptoms in young people at high risk. Most participants in both groups improved over time. The results have important implications for the at risk mental state concept. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56283883.

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Only two included studies had an overall low risk of bias; five had unclear risk and nine had high risk.
“Only two studies had an overall low risk of bias 33,79 ; five had unclear risk [72][73][74][75][76] , and nine had high risk 30,31,36,37,39,41,77,78,81 .”
From Lack of evidence to favor specific preventive interventions in psychosis: a network meta‐analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
The largest trial of the French and Morrison cognitive behavioural therapy protocol to date produced non-significant results.
“the largest CBT-F trial to date provided non-significant results 77”
From Lack of evidence to favor specific preventive interventions in psychosis: a network meta‐analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
EDIE-2 was a multi-site randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention aiming to reduce transition to psychosis.
“EDIE-2 was a multi-site randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention aiming to reduce transition to psychosis (Morrison et al., 2011, Morrison et al., 2012).”
From Sleep duration and psychotic experiences in patients at risk of psychosis: a secondary analysis of the EDIE-2 trial (2019) · cites this paper as Morrison et al., 2012
The cognitive therapy based intervention plus monitoring was significantly better than monitoring only in reducing severity of psychotic experiences, but not in reducing distress or transition to psychosis over 12 to 24 months.
“The cognitive therapy based intervention plus monitoring was significantly better than monitoring only in reducing severity of psychotic experiences, but not in reducing distress or transition to psychosis over 12 to 24 months (Morrison et al., 2012).”
From Sleep duration and psychotic experiences in patients at risk of psychosis: a secondary analysis of the EDIE-2 trial (2019) · cites this paper as Morrison et al., 2012

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Should attenuated psychosis syndrome be included in DSM-5?
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Prefrontal Function at Presentation Directly Related to Clinical Outcome in People at Ultrahigh Risk of Psychosis
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Delusional ideation, manic symptomatology and working memory in a cohort at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A longitudinal study
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[No Title]
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The PsyGrid Experience
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ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EARLY INTERVENTION IN PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK OF PSYCHOSIS
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Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra high risk for psychosis: 6-Month analysis
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Patient adherence with antidepressant treatment
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International Early Psychosis Association
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Therapist treatment adherence in CBT for people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Development of a new rating scale.
Bell, K. M., Startup, M., French, P., Morrison, A. P., Bucci, S., & Fowler, D. G. (2008) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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[10]Cognitive behaviour therapy for acute schizophrenia: a controlled trial. British Psychological Society Annual Conference; 1994; Brighton, UK.

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Long-term Follow-up of a Group at Ultra High Risk (“Prodromal”) for Psychosis
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EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses
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Preventing a first episode of psychosis: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12month and longer-term follow-ups
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The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum
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Lack of evidence to favor specific preventive interventions in psychosis: a network meta‐analysis
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Family-Focused Treatment for Adolescents and Young Adults at High Risk for Psychosis: Results of a Randomized Trial
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Attenuated psychosis syndrome in DSM-5
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Early Detection and Preventive Intervention in Schizophrenia: From Fantasy to Reality
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Persistence or recurrence of non-psychotic comorbid mental disorders associated with 6-year poor functional outcomes in patients at ultra high risk for psychosis
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Mismatch Negativity as a “Translatable” Brain Marker Toward Early Intervention for Psychosis: A Review
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Preventive Treatments for Psychosis: Umbrella Review (Just the Evidence)
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Efficacy and acceptability of interventions for attenuated positive psychotic symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis: A network meta-analysis
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Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia
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Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis
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Auditory mismatch negativity and P3a in response to duration and frequency changes in the early stages of psychosis
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Impact of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals at Ultra High Risk of psychosis — Findings from the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS)
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Transdiagnostic Risk Calculator for the Automatic Detection of Individuals at Risk and the Prediction of Psychosis: Second Replication in an Independent National Health Service Trust
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Broad clinical high‐risk mental state (CHARMS): Methodology of a cohort study validating criteria for pluripotent risk
Hartmann, J., Nelson, B., Spooner, R., Amminger, G. P., Chanen, A. M., Davey, C. G., McHugh, M. J., Ratheesh, A., Treen, D., Yuen, H. P., et al. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12483 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Whither the attenuated psychosis syndrome?
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Psychiatric morbidity, functioning and quality of life in young people at clinical high risk for psychosis
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Improvement in Negative Symptoms and Functioning in Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia: Mediation by Defeatist Performance Attitudes and Asocial Beliefs
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Progress and Future Directions in Research on the Psychosis Prodrome
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Comparing time use in individuals at different stages of psychosis and a non-clinical comparison group.
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Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia
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Resting EEG in psychosis and at-risk populations — A possible endophenotype?
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“36,37 Since this population differs from those who have experienced first episode psychosis or recurrent psychosis, a separate meta-analysis was carried out excluding the two ARMS studies to examine whether this affected the observed pooled effect size.”
Excess hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides production underlies a schizophrenia pathophysiology
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NEURAPRO‐E study protocol: a multicentre randomized controlled trial of omega‐3 fatty acids and cognitive‐behavioural case management for patients at ultra high risk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
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Bolt, L. K., Amminger, G. P., Farhall, J., McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., Yuen, H. P., Schäfer, M. R., Mossaheb, N., Schlögelhofer, M., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.013 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy versus non-directive reflective listening for young people at ultra high risk of developing psychosis: The detection and evaluation of psychological therapy (DEPTh) trial.
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Living with antipsychotic medication side‐effects: The experience of A ustralian mental health consumers
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Internalized stigma, emotional dysfunction and unusual experiences in young people at risk of psychosis
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Authors: Morrison, A. P., French, P., Stewart, S. L. K., Birchwood, M., Fowler, D., Gumley, A. I., Jones, P. B., Bentall, R. P., Lewis, S. W., Murray, G. K., Patterson, P., Brunet, K., Conroy, J., Parker, S., Reilly, T., Byrne, R., Davies, L. M., & Dunn, G.
Affiliations: Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University of Manchester (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
University of East Anglia (GB)
University of Glasgow (GB)
University of Cambridge (GB)
University of Liverpool (GB)
Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Morrison, A. P.
ORCID: Morrison, A. P.
French, P.
Stewart, S. L. K.
Birchwood, M.
Fowler, D.
Gumley, A. I.
Jones, P. B.
Bentall, R. P.
Lewis, S. W.
Murray, G. K.
Patterson, P.
Parker, S.
Byrne, R.
Davies, L. M.
Dunn, G.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2012-04-05
Volume: 344
Issue: apr05 1
Pages: e2233-e2233
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e2233
PMC: PMC3320714
OpenAlex: W2095692398
Cited by: 332
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 26.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
University of Warwick (cc-by)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research
Medical Research Council (G0500264)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords: psychosis prevention, clinical high risk for psychosis, cognitive therapy, transition to psychosis, youth, mental state monitoring, psychotic symptom severity, distress, schizophrenia, early intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychotic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Early Diagnosis, Young Adult

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Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial

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