Coproduction of healthcare service
Open accessAbstract
Efforts to ensure effective participation of patients in healthcare are called by many names—patient centredness, patient engagement, patient experience. Improvement initiatives in this domain often resemble the efforts of manufacturers to engage consumers in designing and marketing products. Services, however, are fundamentally different than products; unlike goods, services are always ‘coproduced’. Failure to recognise this unique character of a service and its implications may limit our success in partnering with patients to improve health care. We trace a partial history of the coproduction concept, present a model of healthcare service coproduction and explore its application as a design principle in three healthcare service delivery innovations. We use the principle to examine the roles, relationships and aims of this interdependent work. We explore the principle's implications and challenges for health professional development, for service delivery system design and for understanding and measuring benefit in healthcare services.
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Involving diverse stakeholders in intervention development has been recommended to enhance accuracy, fit, and sense of ownership within the specific setting.
“When developing interventions, involving diverse stakeholders (e.g., patients, healthcare staff and their managers, researchers, and policy makers) has been recommended to enhance accuracy, fit, and sense of ownership within the specific setting [15, 16].”
From Developing a primary care-based cognitive behavioral intervention for anxiety in children through a participatory approach: a qualitative study. (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The ‘Cocreating health in a learning network’ section describes patients, families, clinicians and researchers working as partners in a formal design process. ‘Contextualising standardisation’ also calls for adapting care to patient and family priorities. The paper does not establish that involving the full range of stakeholders listed—including managers and policy makers—in intervention development enhances accuracy or a sense of ownership. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Representative co-production: broadening the scope of the public service logic
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“Because of the risk or discomfort, patients may be reluctant to engage with healthcare staff (Batalden et al. 2015; Berry and Bendapudi 2007).”
BackgroundRütten, A., Frahsa, A., Abel, T., Bergmann, M., de Leeuw, E., Hunter, D., Jansen, M., King, A., & Potvin, L. (2019) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dax053 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Patients’ experiential knowledge and expertise in health care: A hybrid concept analysis
Castro, E. M., Regenmortel, T. V., Sermeus, W., & Vanhaecht, K. (2018) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-018-0081-6 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Singh, D. R., Sah, R. K., Simkhada, B., & Darwin, Z. J. (2023) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-023-00290-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“The co-design approach in integration with implementation science can play a vital role in addressing such gaps in engaging the users and other stakeholders at different stages of policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialCoproducing Health Professions Education: A Prerequisite to Coproducing Health Care Services?
Englander, R., Holmboe, E. S., Batalden, P. B., Caron, R. M., Durham, C. F., Foster, T. C., Ogrinc, G. S., Ercan-Fang, N. G., & Batalden, M. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003137 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationRobert, G., Locock, L., Williams, O., Cornwell, J., Donetto, S., & Goodrich, J. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009237024 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Patient and Public Involvement in research: A journey to co-production
Price, A., Clarke, M., Staniszewska, S., Chu, L., Tembo, D., Kirkpatrick, M., & Nelken, Y. (2022) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.07.021 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Turk, E., Durrance‐Bagale, A., Han, E. K. L., Bell, S., Rajan, S., Lota, M. M. M., Ochu, C. L., Porras, M. L., Mishra, P., Frumence, G., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4752 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
When Patients and Their Families Feel Like Hostages to Health Care
Berry, L. L., Danaher, T. S., Beckham, D., Awdish, R., & Mate, K. S. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.015 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Health Systems Science in Medical Education: Unifying the Components to Catalyze Transformation
Gonzalo, J. D., Chang, A., Dekhtyar, M., Starr, S. R., Holmboe, E. S., & Wolpaw, D. R. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003400 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Jaspers, S., & Steen, T. P. S. (2018) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2018.1508608 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“WHO 2016) – including co-produced assisted living technologies (Batalden et al. 2015), collaborative healthcare (Wherton et al. 2015), or social care (Needham and Carr 2009; Ross, Needham, and Carr 2013).”
BackgroundEliminating health care inequities through strengthening access to care
Jindal, M., Chaiyachati, K. H., Fung, V., Manson, S. M., & Mortensen, K. (2023) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14202 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Aktaa, S., Batra, G., Wallentin, L. C., Baigent, C., Erlinge, D., James, S. K., Ludman, P., Maggioni, A. P., Price, S., Weston, C. F. M., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa069 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Coming Primary Care Revolution
Ellner, A., & Phillips, R. S. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3944-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Accomplishing this shift towards a B co-production ^ model 39 in healthcare will require technology tools that profoundly transcend the current generation of electronic health records, which are largely optimized for revenue capture in a fee-for-service billing paradigm.”
BackgroundHarnessing Digital Health Technologies During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Context Matters
Petracca, F., Ciani, O., Cucciniello, M., & Tarricone, R. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21815 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Likewise, health care systems should flexibly partner with patients by enacting a mutual learning space and blurring the boundary between producers and consumers [37].”
BackgroundBergerum, C., Thor, J., Josefsson, K., & Wolmesjö, M. (2019) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12900 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Co-Design as Enabling Factor for Patient-Centred Healthcare: A Bibliometric Literature Review
Silvola, S., Restelli, U., Bonfanti, M., & Croce, D. (2023) · ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research · doi:10.2147/ceor.s403243 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Moreover, the positive impact in terms of costs of the innovation process as reduced cost for innovation thanks to the partial substitution of paid personnel with volunteers, emerged.(27,32,38) Additionally, the benefits in terms of time to market, understood as the length of time from a product or service conception…”
BackgroundThomas, G., Lynch, M., & Spencer, L. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18083896 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Similar to previous studies of a co-productive, co-designed approach within health [17,40,41] the evidence demonstrates the establishment of a mutual relationship between service providers and service users as a transformative process.”
ResultA framework for understanding, designing, developing and evaluating learning health systems
Foley, T., & Vale, L. D. (2022) · Learning Health Systems · doi:10.1002/lrh2.10315 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The choice of tools can be influenced by, the task, the type of knowledge sought and by the participants,(71) but there is limited evidence on how to choose the most appropriate tools.(71,72) It can be helpful to employ an overarching co-design framework,(73,74) TABLE 2 Example analytic approaches within a Learning He…”
MethodEntwistle, V. A., Cribb, A., & Owens, J. (2016) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10728-016-0335-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Competency-Based Medical Education at the Front Lines of Patient Care
Cooper, D., & Holmboe, E. S. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2411880 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Coffey, M., Cohen, R., Faulkner, A., Hannigan, B., Simpson, A., & Barlow, S. H. (2016) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12474 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Morgan, E. M., Mara, C. A., Huang, B., Barnett, K. A., Carle, A. C., Farrell, J., & Cook, K. F. (2016) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-016-1468-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“There is growing awareness of the value of co-production in healthcare [32] and the importance of incorporating the perspective of the person experiencing the treatment impact on what truly constitutes efficacy, over statistical determinations, particularly when PRO scores serve as triggers for clinical action [18].”
Adopting a knowledge translation approach in healthcare co-production. A case study
Mas, F. D., Biancuzzi, H., Massaro, M., & Miceli, L. (2020) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2019-1444 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
What Words Convey: The Potential for Patient Narratives to Inform Quality Improvement
Grob, R., Schlesinger, M. J., Barre, L. R., Bardach, N. S., Lagu, T. C., Shaller, D., Parker, A. M., Martino, S. C., Finucane, M. L., Cerully, J., et al. (2019) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12374 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Patient Experience of Chronic Illness Care
Mira, J. J., Nuño-Solínis, R., Guilabert, M., Solas, O., Fernández-Cano, P., González-Mestre, M. A., Contel, J. C., & Cámara, M. D. R. (2016) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.2443 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“– To incorporate new theories, frameworks and trends in health care, such as the Triple Aim [23], the narratives of ‘person-centred coordinated care’ [24] or coproduction approaches [25] that are emphasising the importance of patient experience; – To incorporate a broad notion of integrated care, including social care…”
BackgroundMethodFylan, B., Armitage, G., Naylor, D., & Blenkinsopp, A. (2017) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006813 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“48 49 Potential system modifications to enhance system resilience are shown in Table 2, developed based on patients’ experiences described during this study.”
On the application of Human Reliability Analysis in healthcare: Opportunities and challenges
Sujan, M., Embrey, D., & Huang, H.-Y. (2020) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2018.06.017 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Healthcare services have been described as being coproduced by patients and healthcare providers [106].”
BackgroundCo-creation in healthcare: framing the outcomes and their determinants
Fusco, F., Marsilio, M., & Guglielmetti, C. (2023) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-06-2021-0212 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Franzosa, E. C., Gorbenko, K. O., Brody, A. A., Leff, B. A., Ritchie, C. S., Kinosian, B. P., Ornstein, K. A., & Federman, A. D. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16952 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Because of their longstanding relationships, providers were able to maintain trust, highlighting the benefits of team-based, longitudinal patient care.(15) In addition, these findings show a need to acknowledge the central role of and need to support paid and unpaid caregivers in facilitating virtual and in-person car…”
BackgroundShared medical appointments and patient-centered experience: a mixed-methods systematic review
Wadsworth, K. H., Archibald, T. G., Payne, A. E., Cleary, A. K., Haney, B. L., & Hoverman, A. S. (2019) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0972-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Swedish Inflammatory Bowel Disease Register (SWIBREG) – a nationwide quality register
Ludvigsson, J. F., Andersson, M., Bengtsson, J., Eberhardson, M., Fagerberg, U. L., Grip, O., Halfvarson, J., Hjortswang, H., Jäghult, S., Karling, P., et al. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2019.1660799 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Evidence-based medicine should be co-produced by staff and patients, with a joint commitment of improving care continuously and in a sustainable way [55].”
BackgroundThe patient as a prosumer of healthcare: insights from a bibliometric-interpretive review
Ciasullo, M. V., Lim, W. M., Manesh, M. F., & Palumbo, R. (2022) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-11-2021-0401 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Knowledge Translation in the Healthcare Sector. A Structured Literature Review
Mas, F. D., García-Pérez, A., Sousa, M. J., Costa, R. L. D., & Cobianchi, L. (2020) · Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.34190/ejkm.18.03.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Transforming gastroenterology care with telemedicine
Siegel, C. A. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.048 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Patient- and Family-Centered Care: A Primer
Rawson, J. V., & Moretz, J. G. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.09.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Others call it co-design [2] or co-production [3] with patients and providers.”
BackgroundApplication of continuous quality improvement to medical education
Wong, B. M., & Headrick, L. A. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14351 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Flink, M., & Ekstedt, M. (2017) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.3003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Healthcare systems have much to gain from facilitating patient learning about self-management and engaging patients to become active partners in care [8], as patients with high levels of activation have the most effective selfmanagement skills [9–11].”
BackgroundBachnick, S., Ausserhofer, D., Baernholdt, M., & Simon, M. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.11.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lachman, P. I., Batalden, P. B., & Vanhaecht, K. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.26368.3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationLindblom, S., Flink, M., Elf, M., Laska, A. C., von Koch, L., & Ytterberg, C. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13233 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Coproduction and health: Public and clinicians’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators
Holland‐Hart, D., Addis, S., Edwards, A., Kenkre, J. E., & Wood, F. (2018) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12834 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
MacNeil, M., Koch, M., Kuspinar, A., Juzwishin, D., Lehoux, P., & Stolee, P. (2019) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.09.018 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Holden, R. J., Boustani, M. A., & Azar, J. (2021) · BMJ Innovations · doi:10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000574 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The team engages stakeholders—including subject matter experts, leaders and end users (customers)— throughout the process.”
Bierman, A. S., Wang, J., O’Malley, P. G., & Moss, D. (2021) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13863 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Including people living with MCC, caregivers, communities, and health care teams to co-produce intervention designs and evaluations holds promise in accelerating learning.(27) Traditional randomized control trials fail to account for the complexity inherent in implementing interventions to redesign care delivery.”
BackgroundPalumbo, R., & Manna, R. (2017) · Policy and Society · doi:10.1080/14494035.2018.1411872 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“In fact, a resistant bio-medical culture and a provider-centered design of the health care system determine a professional-led provision of health services, which overlooks the value added of patient involvement (Batalden et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWong, B. M., Baum, K. D., Headrick, L. A., Holmboe, E. S., Moss, F. M., Ogrinc, G. S., Shojania, K. G., Vaux, E. C., Warm, E. J., & Frank, J. R. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002937 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Coproduction with Autistic Adults: Reflections from the Authentistic Research Collective
Stark, E. A., Ali, D., Ayre, A., Schneider, N., Parveen, S., Marais, K., Holmes, N., & Pender, R. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0050 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“13,14 These can be led by patients, carers, clinicians, and/or managers, and may or may not comprise a research component.”
Fylan, B., Marques, I., Ismail, H., Breen, L., Gardner, P. H., Armitage, G., & Blenkinsopp, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023440 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Materials to support patients should be developed using codesign methods to maximise their acceptability and usability with both patients and healthcare staff.(42) Policymakers may also consider allowing patients to write to and share a personal health record to keep track of and flag problems they may have with their…”
BackgroundBernhardt, J. A., Borschmann, K., Boyd, L. A., Carmichael, S. T., Corbett, D., Cramer, S. C., Hoffmann, T., Kwakkel, G., Savitz, S. I., Saposnik, G., et al. (2017) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968317724290 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“research, we see increased attention on co-design of interventions with the health consumer (40); turning these types of interventions into standardised protocols for delivery in trials is not simple.”
Overcoming Challenges In Codifying And Replicating Complex Health Care Interventions
Horton, T., Illingworth, J. H., & Warburton, W. (2018) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1161 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Constantin, N., Edward, H., Ng, H., Radisic, A., Yule, A., D’Asti, A., D’Amore, C., Reid, J. C., & Beauchamp, M. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03345-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“It aims to actively engage specific groups of individuals, such as end-users, to aid in the development of products or services through knowledge sharing [3].”
BackgroundImplementing multidisciplinary tumor boards in oncology: a narrative review
Mano, M. S., çitaku, F. T., & Barach, P. (2022) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon-2021-0471 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Granström, E., Wannheden, C., Brommels, M., Hvitfeldt, H., & Nyström, M. E. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05945-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“different levels of the healthcare system, including patient participation [21], co-production of care [22], pa-”
BackgroundSood, E., Lisanti, A. J., Woolf‐King, S. E., Wray, J., Kasparian, N. A., Jackson, E., Gregory, M. R., Lopez, K. N., Marino, B. S., Neely, T., et al. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121002134 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Generalizing about Public Health Interventions: A Mixed-Methods Approach to External Validity
Leviton, L. C. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044509 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“(5) cite a long tradition of research in business and public administration to support their distinction between health care as a uniform product (e.”
BackgroundWannheden, C., & Revenäs, Å. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19195 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kirk, J. W., Bandholm, T., Andersen, O., Husted, R. S., Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T., Nilsén, P., & Pedersen, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-02-2020-0049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hind, D., Parkin, J., Whitworth, V., Rex, S., Young, T. A., Hampson, L. V., Sheehan, J., Maguire, C., Cantrill, H., Scott, E., et al. (2017) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta21270 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Critically, if service managers cannot deliver the ongoing physiotherapy service that parents desire, then they may be able to support something else to happen.(239,240) Use of national involvement standards for public involvement(241) and sound evaluation principles(242) will increase the chances that new service mod…”
BackgroundUsing Principles of Co-Production to Improve Patient Care and Enhance Value
Turakhia, P., & Combs, B. P. (2017) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.11.pfor1-1711 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“have proposed a theoretical framework for co-production wherein “patients and professionals interact as participants within a healthcare system in society” [5].”
BackgroundDevelopment of Patient-Inclusive Teams: Toward a Structured Methodology
Pomey, M., Lebel, P., Clavel, N., Morin, É., Morin, M., Neault, C., Tétreault, B., & Mulliez, A.-P. E. (2018) · Healthcare Quarterly · doi:10.12927/hcq.2018.25640 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fostering Collaboration Through Creation of an IBD Learning Health System
Johnson, L. C., MELMED, G. Y., Nelson, E. C., Holthoff, M. M., Weaver, A., Morgan, T. S., & Siegel, C. A. (2017) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bergerum, C., Engström, A. K., Thor, J., & Wolmesjö, M. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05970-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A science of collaborative learning health systems
Seid, M., Hartley, D., & Margolis, P. A. (2021) · Learning Health Systems · doi:10.1002/lrh2.10278 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwarz, U. V. T. (2016) · Health Services Management Research · doi:10.1177/0951484816637746 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Improving care delivery and outcomes in pediatric rheumatic diseases
Harris, J. G., Bingham, C. A., & Morgan, E. M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000257 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mosson, R., Augustsson, H., Bäck, A., Åhström, M., Schwarz, U. V. T., Richter, A., Gunnarsson, M., & Hasson, H. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4086-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Will Any Road Get You There? Examining Warranted and Unwarranted Variation in Medical Education
Holmboe, E. S., & Kogan, J. R. (2022) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000004667 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Urgency of Now: Rethinking and Improving Assessment Practices in Medical Education Programs
Holmboe, E. S., Osman, N. Y., Murphy, C. M., & Kogan, J. R. (2023) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000005251 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Understanding and improving the care pathway for children with autism
Hurt, L. S., Langley, K., North, K., Southern, A., Copeland, L., Gillard, J., & Williams, S. (2019) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa-08-2017-0153 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Batalden, M., Batalden, P., Margolis, P., Seid, M., Armstrong, G., Opipari-Arrigan, L., & Hartung, H.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University Hospital Crosshouse (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Batalden, Maren
- Venue
- BMJ Quality & Safety
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-09-16
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 509-517
- ISSN
- 1475-3898 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-5415
- 2044-5423
- PMC
- PMC4941163
- OpenAlex
- W2277370197
- Cited by
- 1,078
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 38
- FWCI
- 168.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Quality & Safety (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK085719)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare
- Keywords
- patient engagement, patient-centered care, service design, service delivery innovation
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Patient Participation, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Models, Organizational, Quality Improvement
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