Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other major forms of dementia
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common and most studied cause of dementia. Significant advances have been made since the first set of clinical criteria for AD were put forth in 1984 that are now captured in the new criteria for AD published in 2011. Key features include recognition of a broad AD spectrum (from preclinical to mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia) and requirement of AD biomarkers for diagnosis. Correctly diagnosing dementia type is increasingly important in an era when potential disease-modifying agents are soon to be marketed. The typical AD dementia syndrome has at its core, an amnestic syndrome of the hippocampal type, followed by associated deficits in word-finding, spatial cognition, executive functions and neuropsychiatric changes. Atypical presentations of AD have also been identified that are presumed to have a different disease course. It can be difficult to distinguish between the various dementia syndromes given the overlap in many common clinical features across the dementias. The clinical difficulty in diagnosis may reflect the underlying pathology, as AD often co-occurs with other pathologies at autopsy, such as cerebrovascular disease or Lewy bodies. Neuropsychological evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define the dementias. There is yet no single behavioral marker that can reliably discriminate AD from the other dementias. The combined investigation of cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms coupled with imaging markers could provide a more accurate approach for differentiating between AD and other major dementia syndromes in the future.
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Clinicians face considerable difficulties identifying and differentiating between similar conditions, especially when symptoms frequently appear across many common diseases.
“Clinicians face considerable difficulties identifying and differentiating between similar conditions, especially when symptoms frequently appear across many common diseases [124,125].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [125]
The section “Distinguishing AD dementia from other major forms of dementia” says that overlapping clinical presentations make diagnosis challenging and that other dementia syndromes can mimic Alzheimer’s disease. The Expert commentary likewise describes substantial overlap between dementia syndromes. The source supports the point for dementias, but not the claim’s broader reference to many common diseases. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredbvFTD patients may have mild difficulty with free recall early, but recognition memory is typically intact and they are able to recognize items with cueing, consistent with a retrieval-predominant deficit.
“While bvFTD patients may have mild difficulty with free recall early in the disease, recognition memory is typically intact and thus patients are able to recognize items with cueing, consistent with a retrieval-predominant deficit [24].”
From Diagnosing the frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease: a clinician’s yellow brick road (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Karantzoulis, S., & Galvin, J. E.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karantzoulis, Stella
- Venue
- Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1579-1591
- ISSN
- 1473-7175 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8360
- PMC
- PMC3225285
- OpenAlex
- W2067203120
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG008051, P30AG008051, R01AG040211)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia diagnosis, differential diagnosis of dementia, biomarkers, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic syndrome, atypical Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging biomarkers, Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular disease, disease-modifying agents
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests
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