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Cited by 7earthquake and tectonic studiesGeological formations and processesGeological and Geophysical Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 110 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Tectonic geomorphology of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, Eastern Canada: implications for regional uplift and intraplate seismicity

Open access
Gusti, Ugi K., Peace, Alexander L., Rimando, Jeremy·2023·Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
DOI 10.1139/cjes-2022-0137
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Abstract

In intraplate areas where regional tectonic strain is accommodated by the reactivation of pre-existing structures, the level of seismic hazard associated with faults may be underestimated due to the poor surface expression of faults, scattered earthquake distribution, and long earthquake recurrence intervals. The cause(s) of seismicity in eastern Canada remains unresolved. This is partially because surface expressions of faults have been eroded during glacial and deglacial periods and in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben (OBG) are undetectable until a seismic event. Morphotectonic analysis has been widely applied to assess relative tectonic activity in various geological settings. To establish whether active uplift is occurring and to investigate the spatial distribution of relative uplift rates, 131 bedrock drainage basins in OBG were analysed. The aim of this was to (1) test the applicability of geomorphic indices for quantifying active deformation, (2) quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of relative uplift rates, and (3) explore the implications for faulting mechanisms, deformation styles, and ultimately regional seismic hazard. We measured valley floor width-to-height ratio ( V f ), basin elongation ratio ( R e ), basin hypsometric integral, and normalized channel steepness index ( k sn ). The results show that high relative uplift rates exist in all the six bedrock escarpment sections investigated, suggesting that they are presumably related with regional broad wavelength uplift (epeirogeny) caused by a complex interaction between far-field tectonic stress and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Our analysis showed that V f , R e , and k sn reveals no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates, consistent with the Canadian Base Network GPS uplift rates. Highlights Geomorphic indices are applied in a low relief and low-medium seismicity area. Geomorphic indices reveal a broad wavelength regional uplift and show relative tectonic activity in the OBG. Relatively high geomorphic indices values provide longer term deformation history compared to global positioning system (GPS) records. Landscape formation and river incision is driven by a complex interaction between GIA and far-field tectonic stresses. Relative uplift rate results show similar patterns to published GPS uplift rates. Possible link between relative tectonic activity and current seismicity.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study applies morphotectonic analysis to 131 bedrock drainage basins along the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben (OBG) to test geomorphic indices as proxies for active deformation in a low-relief, low-to-moderate seismicity intraplate setting. It finds broad-wavelength regional relative uplift across all six escarpment sections, consistent with GPS uplift patterns and potentially linked to current seismicity.

Key findings

  • High relative uplift rates were inferred in all six bedrock escarpment sections investigated, suggesting broad-wavelength regional uplift (epeirogeny) driven by far-field tectonic stress and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA).
  • The four geomorphic indices yielded: Vf 0.2–2.3, Re 0.38–0.81, HI 0.35–0.55 with mean HI 0.50, and ksn from <50 to >400 (with high values >150–500 in several rivers).
  • Vf, Re, and ksn showed no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates, consistent with Canadian Base Network GPS uplift rates of approximately 1–2 mm yr⁻¹.
  • Possible link between relatively high uplift rate locations and earthquake records near sections 1, 2, and 3, including the 1935 Timiskaming Mw 6.1, 2013 Ladysmith M 4.6, and 2010 Val-des-Bois Mw 5.0 earthquakes.

Methods

  • Morphotectonic analysis of 131 drainage basins along ~629 km of the OBG’s northern bedrock escarpment, divided into six sections based on fault-related topographic troughs, fault strike changes, and published fault/lineament compilations.
  • Four geomorphic indices were measured: valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), basin elongation ratio (Re), hypsometric integral (HI), and normalized channel steepness index (ksn), using ASTER GDEM V3, ArcGIS 10.8, and MATLAB TopoToolBox.
  • Indices were integrated with 20-km-wide topographic swath profiles and local relief maps, then classified into high, moderate, and relatively low uplift classes using published boundary values.

Limitations

  • The paper states that measuring geomorphic indices in the OBG is challenging because of low relief from glacial peneplanation, and because the hanging-wall drainage is an alluvium river rather than a bedrock river, making index measurement unreliable.
  • The paper states that morphotectonic analysis could only be performed on the northern side of the OBG because the southern section lacks a substantial bedrock escarpment.
  • The paper states that rock erodibility was not measured directly in the field; instead, previous lithology-based erodibility rankings were incorporated, and ksn can also be affected by lithologic contrast, precipitation rate, stream capture, and glacial retreat/advance.
  • The paper notes that relative uplift rates may not correspond directly with fault slip rates or directly relate to activity of the bedrock scarp-forming OBG structures; surface ruptures are scarce in eastern Canada, and most faults do not reach the surface.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1139/cjes-2022-0137

Cites

115 of 115 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

2 of 110 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    The dominating lithologies in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben are metamorphic rocks, predominantly Mesoproterozoic gneisses.

    “The dominating lithologies in the OBG are metamorphic rocks, predominantly Mesoproterozoic gneisses (Mezger et al. 1993) (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mezger et al. 1993 source

      The Geological setting section describes metamorphic rocks in the Grenville Orogen and says the Central Gneiss Belt is dominated by high-grade rocks. The Conclusions figure caption identifies the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, but no passage establishes that metamorphic rocks—predominantly Mesoproterozoic gneisses—dominate the graben itself. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    High relative uplift rates exist in all six bedrock escarpment sections investigated in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “The results show that high relative uplift rates exist in all the six bedrock escarpment sections investigated, suggesting that they are presumably related with regional broad wavelength uplift”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Vf, Re, and ksn reveal no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates.

    “Our analysis showed that V f , R e , and k sn reveals no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates, consistent with the Canadian base network GPS uplift rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The pattern of no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates from Vf, Re, and ksn is consistent with Canadian base network GPS uplift rates.

    “Our analysis showed that V f , R e , and k sn reveals no considerable spatial differences in high relative uplift rates, consistent with the Canadian base network GPS uplift rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Low Vf values around 0.5 were observed in eastern sections 1 and 2 and western sections 3, 4 and 5.

    “In the eastern (1 and 2) and western sections (3, 4 and 5), low V f values were observed with range around 0.5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 51
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    In the OBG, relative uplift rates do not correspond directly with fault slip rate, but they can provide insight into the spatial distribution and variation of relative uplift rates.

    “Although, in the OBG, the relative uplift rates does not correspond directly with fault slip rate, they can provide insight into the spatial distribution and variation of relative uplift rates”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al. 2003 source
    • cites Bull 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Boulton 2020 source

      The Geohazard Implications section says river-profile analysis can identify regions likely to have relatively higher uplift rates, supporting the spatial-variation point. But the paper studies Guadalcanal and Makira, not the OBG, and does not say that relative uplift rates there fail to correspond directly with fault slip rates. The River Profile Analysis section instead notes that knickpoint height can correlate with fault slip rate under specified conditions. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Geomorphic indices reveal a broad wavelength regional uplift and show relative tectonic activity in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “Geomorphic indices reveal a broad wavelength regional uplift and show relative tectonic activity in the Ottawa Bonnechere Graben (OBG).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Section 3 near the Eardley Fault, section 4 near the Gatineau Fault, and section 5 near the Lachute Fault and New Glasgow Fault in the eastern end of the OBG were characterized in this study as having moderate to high relative uplift rates and are in proximity to past earthquake epicentres.

    “Specifically, section 3 near the Eardley Fault (fault 3 in Figure 1), section 4 near Gatineau Fault (fault 4 in Figure 1) and section 5 near Lachute Fault and New Glasgow Fault (fault 5 and 6 in Figure 1, respectively) in the eastern end of OBG, which were characterized in this study as having moderate to D r a f t 27 high relative uplift rates and also in proximity to the past earthquake epicentr”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In sections 2, 3, 4 and 5, basin elongation shape is dominated by very elongated (0.5-0.7), while sections 1 and 6 display mostly elongated (0.5) shape.

    “In the sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the OBG, the basin elongation shape is dominated by very D r a f t elongated (0.5-0.7), while sections 1 and 6 display mostly elongated (0.5) shape.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In section 1, the three outlying drainage basins have relatively lower HI values, while in section 5 the values are higher than the mean range.

    “In section 1, those three drainage basins have relatively lower values while in section 5 the values are higher than the mean obtain range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Sections 1, 2, and 3 lie very close to the epicentres of the Timiskaming earthquake (1935, Mw 6.1), Ladysmith earthquake (2013, M 4.6), and Val-des-Bois earthquake (2010, Mw 5.0), respectively, and they also exhibit relatively high uplift rates.

    “For instance, sections 1, 2, and 3 (Figure 1) lie very close to the epicentres of the Timiskaming earthquake (1935, Mw 6.1), Ladysmith earthquake (2013, M 4.6), and D r a f t Val-des-Bois earthquake (2010, Mw 5.0), respectively (Figure 1,2) and they also exhibit relatively high uplift rates”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Between the two low ksn values (<60), ksn values increase significantly toward the OBG's bedrock escarpments in other sections, corresponding with the zone of high local relief.

    “Generally, between these two low k sn values (<60), the k sn values increase significantly toward the OBG's bedrock escarpments in other sections, which corresponds with the zone of high local relief.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The distribution of high ksn can be observed along high local relief and located at mapped pre-existing structures.

    “The distribution of the high k sn can be observed along high localrelief and located at mapped pre-existing structures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Many ksn values in the west section (sections 1 and 2) to sections 3 and 4 are located along previously mapped and interpreted faults without lithological difference, and some ksn have neither apparent lithological contrast nor fault control.

    “While many of the k sn values in the west section (sections 1 and 2) (Figure 6) to sections 3 and 4 are located along previously mapped and interpreted faults (Lamontagne et al. 2020) without lithological difference, and some k sn neither have any apparent lithological contrast or fault control”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lamontagne et al. 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    Most Vf values are between the standard deviation lines.

    “Most of the V f values are between the standard deviation lines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The lowest HI value is located at the intersection between the Ottawa River and Timiskaming River, which has a wider elevated valley floor surface compared to other drainage basins and is dominated by denudational processes.

    “The lowest HI value in the results is located at the intersection between the Ottawa River and Timiskaming River, which has a wider elevated valley floor surface compared to other drainage basins and is dominated by denudational processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Five Vf values are outside the average, two in section 1 and one each in sections 3, 4, and 5.

    “There are a total of five values that are outside the average, two of which are in section 1 and one each in sections 3, 4, and 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Five out of six sections have ksn values higher than the standard deviation range derived from maximum ksn values, with section 1 being the exception.

    “5 out of the 6 sections have k sn values higher than the standard deviation range derived from maximum k sn values, with section 1 being the exception.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    HI values range from 0.35 to 0.55 with a mean HI of 0.50 for the six sections in the OBG.

    “Hypsometric integral (HI) values obtained range from 0.35 to 0.55 with a mean HI of 0.50 for the six sections in the OBG”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The highest HI value (0.55) lies on section 5, which intersects the NW-SE band of seismicity.

    “The highest HI, with a value of 0.55 lies on section 5 that intersects with the NW-SE band of seismicity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The morphometric data show a high-value extent from west to east with no significant spatial difference.

    “The morphometric data show a high-value extent from west to east with no significant difference spatially”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben is part of the Saint Lawrence failed rift segment with a complex tectonic history spanning several billion years.

    “The OBG is a part of the Saint Lawrence failed rift segment that has a complex tectonic history spanning several billion years (Lamontagne et al. 2003, Tremblay et al. 2003, Tarayoun et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lamontagne et al. 2003 source
    • cites Tremblay et al. 2003 source
    • cites Tarayoun et al. 2018 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Seismicity in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben is primarily focused in the northern side and in the graben structures itself, in which reactivation of inherited structures strongly controls the seismicity distribution.

    “Seismicity in the OBG is primarily focused in the northern side and in the graben structures itself, in which reactivation of inherited structures strongly controls the seismicity distribution (Tarayoun et al. 2018), with the NW-SE structures playing an imperative role in the recent seismicity distribution (Rimando andBenn 2005, Rimando andPeace 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Tarayoun et al. 2018 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Rimando andBenn 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Rimando andPeace 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The current landform resembles rift morphology made up of a series of normal faults, but the area is thought to be the footwall blocks of reverse faults that occupy the northern portion of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “In our case, while the current landform resembles rift morphology, which is made up of a series of normal faults, this area is thought to be the footwall blocks of reverse faults that occupy the northern portion of the OBG.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Ksn is a well-established method and has been widely used to map spatial distribution and/or variation of relative uplift rates in various landscape settings.

    “K sn is a well-established method and has been widely used to map spatial distribution and/or variation of relative uplift rates in various landscape settings (Snyder et al. 2000, Kirby et al. 2003, Wobus et al. 2006, Cyr et al. 2010, Mathew et al. 2016a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Snyder et al. 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kirby et al. 2003 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Wobus et al. 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The surficial deposits of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben consist of glacial, fluvial, and marine sediments dating back 10000-12000 years.

    “The surficial deposits of the OBG consist of glacial, fluvial, and marine sediments (Brooks 2013) that date back 10000 -12000 years (Russell et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Brooks 2013 source
    • cites Russell et al. 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lithological variation plays an important role in determining the spatial distribution of rock erosional resistance, which is a critical aspect in measuring geomorphic indices.

    “Lithological variation plays an important role in determining the spatial distribution of rock erosional resistance, which is a critical aspect in measuring geomorphic indices (Kühni and Pfiffner 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kühni and Pfiffner 2001 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Eastern Canada is a stable continental region with a relatively lower seismicity rate and longer earthquake recurrence intervals than active plate tectonic zones/boundaries.

    “Eastern Canada is characterized as a stable continental region (SCR) which has a relatively lower seismicity rate and longer earthquake recurrence intervals compared to active plate tectonic zones/boundaries (PBZ) (Calais et al. 2016, Mazzotti andGueydan 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Calais et al. 2016 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Mazzotti andGueydan 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In the Timiskaming Graben, knickpoint analysis successfully identified several knickpoints coincident with previously mapped faults and lineaments.

    “For example, in the Timiskaming Graben (TG), knickpoint analysis successfully identified several knickpoints coincident with previously mapped faults and lineaments (Bucci and Schoenbohm 2022), demonstrating the power of such morphotectonic approaches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bucci and Schoenbohm 2022 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Tectonically active drainage basins typically manifest as actively rising topography highlighted by elongate geometry, and inactive basins tend to be more oval-circular.

    “Tectonically active drainage basins typically manifest as actively rising topography which is highlighted by elongate geometry, and inactive basins tend to be more ovalcircular as lateral migration and stream dispersion take place (Cannon 1976, Ramírez-Herrera 1998, Bull 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cannon 1976

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ramírez-Herrera 1998 source
    • cites Bull 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In Borneo, most drainage basins' geomorphic indices suggested high relative uplift rates, consistent with pre-existing structures categorized independently as active.

    “For instance, in Borneo, most drainage basins geomorphic indices suggested high relative uplift rates, consistent with pre-existing structures that were categorized independently as active (Mathew et al. 2016a(Mathew et al. , 2016b)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mathew et al. 2016a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mathew et al. 2016b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In areas with complex lithological variation, decreasing the sampling radius could be used to minimize the effect of lithological controls on landform modification, as local relief is a scale-dependent measurement.

    “In areas with complex lithological variation, decreasing the sampling radius could be used to minimize the effect of lithological controls on landform modification, as localrelief is a scale-dependent measurement (DiBiase et al. 2010, Marliyani et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites DiBiase et al. 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Marliyani et al. 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The western Quebec seismic zone is one of the seismically active areas in eastern Canada and includes the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben's paleo-rift structures.

    “The western Quebec seismic zone (WQSZ) is one of the seismically active areas in eastern Canada, which includes the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben's (OBG) paleo-rift structures (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Saint Lawrence rift has two failed rift arms, the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben and the Saguenay Graben, both products of the opening of the Iapetus Ocean around ~700 Myr ago.

    “The Saint Lawrence rift has two failed rift arms: 1) Ottawa Bonnechere Graben, and 2) Saguenay Graben, both of which are products of the opening of the Iapetus Ocean that took place around ~700 Myr ago (Rankin 1976).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rankin 1976 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    There is an ongoing debate regarding the causes of Quaternary faulting: whether active deformation is due to glacial isostatic adjustment, tectonic stress-related deformation, or a combination of these two mechanisms.

    “Additionally, there is an ongoing debate regarding the causes of Quaternary faulting, revolving around whether active deformation is due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), tectonic stress-related deformation, or some combination of these two mechanisms (Adams 1989, Wallach et al. 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Adams 1989 source
    • cites Wallach et al. 1995 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies show that ASTER GDEM has been effectively used in morphotectonic analysis to assess relative tectonic activity in various geological settings due to its extensive global coverage and its vertical and horizontal accuracy is sufficient for the purpose of morphotectonic study.

    “Previous studies show that ASTER GDEM has been effectively used in morphotectonic analysis to assess relative tectonic activity in various geological settings due to its extensive global coverage and its vertical and horizontal accuracy is sufficient for the purpose of morphotectonic study (Radaideh et al. 2016, Xue et al. 2018, Rimando and Schoenbohm 2020, Krystopowicz et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Radaideh et al. 2016 source
    • cites Xue et al. 2018 source
    • cites Rimando and Schoenbohm 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A 2.5-km-radius sampling window was used to calculate local relief, which is a reasonable size given that rock type variation was not significant in the area where the geomorphic indices were measured.

    “Following the methods outlined in (Marliyani et al. 2016), a 2.5-km-radius sampling window was used to calculate local relief, which is a reasonable size given that rock type variation was not significant in the area where the geomorphic indices were measured (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marliyani et al. 2016 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In this study area, crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks were characterized as strong, while sedimentary rocks were characterized as moderately weak and more susceptible to erosion and weathering.

    “In this study area, crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks were characterized as strong, while the sedimentary rocks were characterized as moderately weak and more susceptible to erosion and weathering.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The drainage basins were filtered to only include those with areas greater than 2.5 km2 to avoid analysis of non-fluvial process and DEM artifacts or other errors.

    “The drainage basins were filtered to only include those with areas greater than 2.5 km 2 to avoid analysis of non-fluvial process and DEM artifacts or other errors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductcitation

    To define and extract drainage basin and stream network data, sinks or holes in the DEM were filled as these represent potential sources of error.

    “To define and extract drainage basin (watershed) and stream network data, first, sinks or holes in the DEM were filled as these represent potential sources of error (Gailleton et al. 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gailleton et al. 2021 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The boundary values between different classes of each index vary according to lithological variation and structural setting.

    “However, the boundary values between different classes of each indices vary according to the lithological variation and structural setting as in previous work (Rockwell andKeller 1985, Bull 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rockwell andKeller 1985

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bull 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    None of the sub-catchments show asymmetric uplift patterns, demonstrating the trend of uplift can be inferred as broad-wavelength regional uplift.

    “None of the sub-catchments show asymmetric uplift patterns, demonstrating the trend of uplift can be inferred as broad-wavelength regional uplift.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Re values vary from 0.3 to 0.78, indicating a moderate to relatively high uplift rate; most are below 0.6 and classified as relatively high uplift.

    “The Re value varies from 0.3 to 0.78, indicating a moderate to relative high uplift rate.Most of these values are below 0.6 and are therefore classified as having a relatively high uplift rate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The landscape is still evolving while adjusting to isostasy caused by deglaciation and reactivation of pre-existing structures.

    “The landscape is still evolving while adjusting to isostasy caused by deglaciation, and the reactivation of pre-existing structures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Relatively high local relief, moderate to high ksn values, and basin elongation ratio show that the OBG experienced uplift since the Pleistocene or multi-phase uplift before and after the last glacial maximum.

    “Thus, relatively high local relief, moderate to high k sn values, and basin elongation ratio, shows that the OBG experienced uplift since Pleistocene or multi-phase of uplift before and after last glacial maximum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    This study details the first application of morphotectonic analysis to the OBG bedrock escarpment.

    “This study details the first application of morphotectonic analysis to the OBG bedrock escarpment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The WSW-ENE-striking faults in the eastern OBG, from Lachute Fault to New Glasgow Fault, lie parallel to the seismicity trend and postulated ancient hotspot track and are optimally oriented with respect to the present-day stress field.

    “The WSW-ENE-striking faults in the eastern OBG, from Lachute Fault (fault 5 in Figure 1) to New Glasgow Fault (fault 6 in Figure 1), that lie parallel to the seismicity trend and postulated ancient hotspot track (Eaton and Ma, 2007), are also optimally oriented with respect to the present-day stress field”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Eaton and Ma, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our findings document the long-term deformation history of the OBG, which may contribute to the ongoing seismicity.

    “Our findings document the long-term deformation history of the OBG, which may contribute to the ongoing seismicity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Compared to sections 1 and 2, sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 have higher steepness index indicating disequilibrium likely associated with ongoing relative uplift processes.

    “For example, compared to sections 1 and 2, sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 have higher steepness index indicating disequilibrium which is likely associated with ongoing relative uplift processes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    HI values are typically around 0.5, the threshold between moderate and strong uplift rates.

    “HI values are typically around 0.5, which represents the threshold between moderate and strong uplift rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Canadian Base Network GPS shows approximately 1-2 mm y-1 broad regional uplift in the OBG that exhibits a spatial uplift pattern indicating glacial unloading.

    “The Canadian Base Network (CBN) GPS shows approximately 1-2 mm y -1 broad regional uplift in the OBG that exhibits a spatial uplift pattern indicating glacial unloading”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Henton et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The OBG fault zone is an aulacogen with vertically dominated slip and a poorly constrained lateral component.

    “The OBG fault zone is an aulacogen with vertically dominated slip and a poorly constrained lateral component”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wallach et al. 1995 source
    • cites Tremblay et al. 2003 source
    • cites Rimando and Benn 2005 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    In eastern Canada, earthquake surface ruptures are scarce, with most faults not reaching the surface.

    “In eastern Canada, earthquakes surface ruptures are scarce, with most faults not reaching the surface.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relative uplift rate from the combination of indices used herein is in agreement with previous GPS studies, demonstrating that they are a powerful tool in quantifying spatial and temporal regional relative uplift rates in regions of relatively low relief and low to moderate rates of deformation.

    “This relative uplift rate from the combination indices used herein is in agreement with previous GPS studies, demonstrating that they are a powerful tool in quantifying spatial and temporal regional relative uplift rates in regions of relatively low relief and low to moderate rates of deformation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The HI profiles along the OBG present relatively constant values around 0.5, which indicates denuded topography or potentially broad-scale erosion by deglaciation.

    “The HI profiles generated along the OBG present relatively constant values of around 0.5 which indicates denuded topography (Figure 6, 7) (Strahler 1952, Kirby et al. 2003, Chen et al. 2003), or potentially broad scale erosion by deglaciation (Dyke et al. 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Strahler 1952 source
    • cites Kirby et al. 2003 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Chen et al. 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In various tectonic and geologic settings with variable climatic regimes and rock types, a linear relationship between ksn and uplift rate has been demonstrated.

    “In various tectonic and geologic settings with variable climatic regimes and rock types, a linear relationship between k sn and uplift rate has been demonstrated (Snyder et al. 2000, Wobus et al. 2006, Cyr et al. 2010, DiBiase et al. 2010, Kirby and Whipple 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Snyder et al. 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wobus et al. 2006 source
    • cites Cyr et al. 2010 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Recent and historical destructive earthquakes in other cratonic regions (Australia, China, Turkey) demonstrate the necessity of similar studies in regions such as eastern Canada.

    “Nonetheless, recent and historical destructive earthquakes in other cratonic regions e.g., Australia (Gold et al. 2019, King et al. 2021); China (Kirby et al. 2008, D r a f t Fielding et al. 2013b); and Turkey (Elliott et al. 2013, Fielding et al. 2013a) demonstrate the necessity of similar studies in regions such as eastern Canada.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gold et al. 2019 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Kirby et al. 2008 source
    • cites Elliott et al. 2013 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    GPS time series reveal that vertical velocities vary spatially, with uplift predominantly in the Hudson Bay region to the north and mostly subsidence in the Great Lakes region to the south.

    “the GPS time series reveal that vertical velocities vary spatially, with uplift predominantly occurring in the Hudson Bay region to the north, and mostly subsidence occurring in the Great Lakes region to the south”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mazzotti et al. 2005 source
    • cites Alinia et al. 2017 source
    • cites Sella et al. 2007 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    This assessment of neotectonic activity in the OBG using a morphotectonic approach is the first of its kind.

    “This is particularly valuable in OBG where this assessment of neotectonic activity using a morphotectonic approach is the first of its kind.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Our morphotectonic investigation of the OBG drainage basins contributes to a record of long-term deformation caused by far-field tectonic stresses that predate GIA, resulting in broad wavelength regional uplift that has probably been active since the Pleistocene.

    “Our morphotectonic investigation of the OBG drainage basins contributes to a record of long-term deformation caused by far-field tectonic stresses that predate GIA, resulting in broad wavelength regional uplift that has probably been active since the”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Several cycles of glacial retreats eroded Quaternary deposits and Quaternary faults, which makes the study of earthquake geology problematic.

    “This is challenging due to several cycles of glacial retreats that eroded Quaternary deposits and Quaternary faults, which makes the study of earthquake geology problematic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Variation of rock strength might also influence ksn and Vf results.

    “Aside from lithological difference, variation of rock strength might also influence the k sn and V f results as noted D r a f t 21 in Selby (1980) that the rock mass strength can affect the state of rock weathering, and the intensity and orientation of joints and fractures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Selby (1980) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    To better characterize spatial distribution of relative uplift rate using ksn values, several parameters should be considered that may contribute to uplift rate variation such as lithologic contrast, precipitation rate, and stream capture.

    “Therefore, to better characterize spatial distribution of relative uplift rate using k sn values several parameters should be considered that may contribute to uplift rate variation such as lithologic contrast (Cyr et al. 2010;Duvall 2004;Hack 1973), precipitation rate (e.g., (Bookhagen and Strecker 2012), and stream capture (Robl et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cyr et al. 2010 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Duvall 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hack 1973

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Although ksn and Vf ratio analysis infer that relative uplift rates are classified as high, their degree of activity is relatively low to moderate compared to inter-plate settings.

    “Although, k sn and V f ratio analysis infer that the relative uplift rates are classified as high, their degree of activity is relatively low to moderate compared to inter-plate (plate boundary) settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Analysis of multiple geomorphic indices including Vf, Re, HI, and ksn has provided indications of high relative uplift rates and ongoing long-term regional deformation.

    “Analysis of multiple geomorphic indices including V f , R e , HI, and k sn has provided indications of high relative uplift rates and ongoing long term regional deformation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Comparison of our result to the GPS uplift rate confirms our interpretation that the area is subject to broad-wavelength regional uplift in both long-term and short-term deformation.

    “Overall, comparison of our result to the GPS uplift rate confirms our interpretation that the area is subject to broad-wavelength regional uplift in both long-term and short-term deformation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sections 3 and 4, characterized by relatively high local relief, high channel steepness and convex basin geometry, likely indicate a dominantly vertical channel steepening process likely associated with high relative uplift rates.

    “In this context, sections 3 and 4, which are characterized by relatively high local relief, high channel steepness and convex basin geometry, likely indicates a dominantly vertical channel steepening process that is likely associated with high relative uplift rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    ksn values range from 0 to >500, with most displaying a moderate uplift rate (50-150); high ksn values >150 to 500 were recorded in several rivers and categorised as relatively high uplift.

    “k sn values range from 0 to >500, with most displaying a moderate uplift rate ranging from 50 to 150.High k sn values of more than 150 to 500 were recorded in several rivers and categorised as regions with a relatively high uplift rate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Sections 2, 3, and 4 have relatively high uplift rates and also show relatively high slip tendency values according to the results of Rimando and Peace (2021).

    “Sections 2, 3, and 4 have relatively high uplift rates, and also show relatively high slip tendency values according to the results of Rimando and Peace, 2021.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rimando and Peace, 2021 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In order to describe the level of Quaternary relative tectonic activity (high, moderate, low), previous researchers have tried to integrate various geomorphic indices.

    “In order to describe the level of Quaternary relative tectonic activity (high, moderate, low), previous researchers have tried to integrate various geomorphic indices (El Hamdouni et al. 2008, Saber et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites El Hamdouni et al. 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Saber et al. 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most drainage basins in sections 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 show signals of high relative tectonic activity, while drainage basins in section 1 showed moderate relative tectonic activity.

    “Most of the drainage basins in section 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 show signals of high relative tectonic activity while drainage basins in section 1 showed moderate relative tectonic activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The majority of Vf values are <0.5, indicating a relatively high uplift rate, while the remaining Vf values have moderate uplift rates ranging from 0.5 to 1.

    “The majority of the Vf values are < 0.5, indicating a relatively high uplift rate, while the remaining Vf values calculated have moderate uplift rates ranging from 0.5 to 1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
67 of 67

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This work is the first quantitative morphotectonic analysis to assess relative rates of uplift in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “This work represents the first quantitative morphotectonic analysis carried out to assess relative rates of uplift in the OBG.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The drainage system on the hanging-wall of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben is an alluvium river rather than a bedrock river.

    “because the drainage system on the hanging-wall is an alluvium river rather than a bedrock river, making geomorphic indices measurement unreliable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The bedrock escarpment only occurs prominently along the northern side of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “because the bedrock escarpment only occurs prominently along the northern side of the OBG, morphotectonic analysis could only be performed in this location”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No substantial bedrock escarpment exists in the southern section of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.

    “showed no substantial bedrock escarpment exists in the southern section”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed geomorphic index values primarily reflect tectonic uplift rather than lithological or climatic controls.

    “Most of the geomorphic proxies show high values which reflect high relative uplift rates within the OBG”
    “certain indices may be sensitive to other factors such as climatic variation and glacial erosion.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The location of the lowest HI value names different rivers

    Major

    The results place the lowest HI at the Ottawa-Mattawa River confluence; the discussion instead places the lowest HI at the Ottawa-Timiskaming River intersection.

  • Very elongated basins are assigned the elongated range

    Minor

    The paper defines very elongated basins as having R e <0.5, then describes basins with R e of 0.5-0.7 as very elongated.

  • Basin elongation ranges have different upper limits

    Minor

    The results give a maximum R e of 0.81, but the relative-activity summary gives a maximum of 0.78.

  • The stated remaining V f values exclude the reported maximum

    Minor

    The results report V f values as high as 2.3, but the relative-activity summary says all values outside the <0.5 majority range from 0.5 to 1.

  • Section 1 is classified as both high and moderate activity

    Minor

    The discussion says every section corresponds to high relative uplift, whereas the results specifically classify section 1 as moderate.

  • Sections 1 and 2 are placed at opposite ends of the study area

    Minor

    The results call sections 1 and 2 eastern, while the discussion calls them western.

6 of 6

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Adams J., 1989, Geoscience Canada, 16, 3
  2. Cannon P., 1977, Oklahoma Geology Notes, 36, 3
  3. Cambridge University Press, New York, 476 pp.
  4. Chorley R.J., 1971, Chorley: physical geography: a systems approach
  5. Doughty M., 2010, Geoscience Canada, 37, 109
  6. Hack J.T., 1973, Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1, 499
  7. 10.5623/geomat-2006-0021 · DOI
  8. Kober L., 1928, Der Bau der Erde

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Gusti, U. K., Peace, A. L., & Rimando, J.
Affiliations
  • Sriwijaya University (ID)
  • McMaster University (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher
Canadian Science Publishing
Published
2023-06-01
Volume
60
Issue
6
Pages
635-652
ISSN
  • 0008-4077 (ISSN-L)
  • 1480-3313
DOI
10.1139/cjes-2022-0137
OpenAlex
W4320895070
Semantic Scholar
9a2d74a6ab1483431651c4ac5918e7cf2b098a93
Cited by
7
References
115
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
FWCI
1.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • McMaster University
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
Keywords
intraplate seismicity, epeirogeny, glacial isostatic adjustment, fault reactivation, geomorphic indices, channel steepness index, hypsometric integral, seismic hazard, river incision

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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