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A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage
Abstract
A multimedia approach to the diffusion, communication, and exploitation of Cultural Heritage (CH) is a well-established trend worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that the use of new and combined media enhances how culture is experienced. The benefit is in terms of both number of people who can have access to knowledge and the quality of the diffusion of the knowledge itself. In this regard, CH uses augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality technologies for different purposes, including education, exhibition enhancement, exploration, reconstruction, and virtual museums. These technologies enable user-centred presentation and make cultural heritage digitally accessible, especially when physical access is constrained. A number of surveys of these emerging technologies have been conducted; however, they are either not domain specific or lack a holistic perspective in that they do not cover all the aspects of the technology. A review of these technologies from a cultural heritage perspective is therefore warranted. Accordingly, our article surveys the state-of-the-art in augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality systems as a whole and from a cultural heritage perspective. In addition, we identify specific application areas in digital cultural heritage and make suggestions as to which technology is most appropriate in each case. Finally, the article predicts future research directions for augmented and virtual reality, with a particular focus on interaction interfaces and explores the implications for the cultural heritage domain.
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“Some cutting-edge virtual museums are indeed doing this by including meta-commentary on their own reconstruction process (e.g., showing what data is missing, or showing alternate reconstructions) [10,36,38,49].”
From Virtual Museums as Meaning-Modeling Systems in Digital Heritage (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The use of extended reality technologies, such as AR, enhances the user experience and interaction with the exhibits [21,22].”
From Motiv-ARCHE: co-creation of augmented reality educational content to motivate cultural and natural heritage learning (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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Şimşek, S., & Erkan, İ. (2026) · Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.daach.2026.e00548
Augmented Reality in Education: Didactic and Philosophical Implications for Science Education
Marín-Marín, J.-A., Bedoya-Cano, Ó., & López-Belmonte, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13788-3_16
Zhichao, Y., Wu, S., & He, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Education and E-Learning (ICEEL) · doi:10.1145/3789859.3789871
“By binding spatial form, structural features, and craft and process cues into a single manipulable object, they create the backbone for situated explanation, task-based interaction, and cross-modal handoffs between physical displays, screens, and guides [14] [15] [16].”
Construction and Application of a Digital Twin System for Rural Cultural Tourism Scenarios
Liu, F., Yu, C., Liu, Y., et al. (2025) · International Conference on Big Data Economy and Information Management (BDEIM) · doi:10.1145/3800000.3800019
“Meanwhile, Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies are gaining prominence in rural cultural exhibitions, virtual tours, and heritage preservation, delivering immersive experiences in rural tourism scenarios [5].”
AR for Cultural Heritage: Insights from a Moroccan Educational Study
Bendhiba, S., Kelkoul, H., Aahed, F.-Z. E., et al. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Complex Systems and Intelligent Computing (ICCSIC) · doi:10.1109/iccsic69301.2026.11521309
“For example, bibliometric analyses highlight a significant increase in studies on AR applications in cultural heritage, demonstrating the technology’s role in visualization, education, and interactive storytelling [5].”
Digital Dissemination Pathways of Thangka: Tradition, Technology, and Transcultural Communication
Zhang, H., & Hajianfard, R. (2026) · Academic Journal of Art and Design · doi:10.54097/fcbsnb93
“Bekele et al. (2018) demonstrate that immersive environments can meaningfully enhance engagement with heritage objects by restoring dimensions of scale, spatial context, and sensory richness that two-dimensional mediation inevitably strips away.”
Pergantis, M. (2026) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics13050074
“The process of documentation and digital preservation of art and culture is constantly undergoing evolutionary changes with the inclusion of cutting-edge technologies such as VR/AR [2], 3D scanning techniques [3] and artificial intelligence (AI) [4].”
Redefining Authenticity in Digital Heritage Tourism Experiences
Vichnevetskaia, A., Wang, Y., Webb, N., & Li, Y. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22974-8_6
A 4D XR World Viewer for Digitally Enhanced Cultural Tourism
Münster, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22974-8_3
Ma, H., & Ji, X. (2026) · Textile & Leather Review · doi:10.31881/tlr.2026.5138
Youn, H. C., & Bae, J. (2026) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2026.03.021
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekele, M. K., Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Malinverni, E. S., & Gain, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage
- Published
- 2018-03-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-36
- ISSN
- 1556-4711 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-4673
- OpenAlex
- W2790695540
- Semantic Scholar
- cdeda2c21fdfe930327cbca424f8ce5ac9d30c67
- Cited by
- 1,147
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 215 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 17
- FWCI
- 34.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (publishedVersion)
- Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hasso-Plattner Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, cultural heritage, digital heritage, virtual museum, heritage education, heritage reconstruction, digital accessibility, interaction interfaces
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