Cited by 1,147Augmented Reality ApplicationsVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsMuseums and Cultural Heritage

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A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage

Bekele, Mafkereseb Kassahun, Pierdicca, Roberto, Frontoni, Emanuele, Malinverni, Eva Savina, Gain, James·2018·Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage

DOI 10.1145/3145534

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Abstract

A multimedia approach to the diffusion, communication, and exploitation of Cultural Heritage (CH) is a well-established trend worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that the use of new and combined media enhances how culture is experienced. The benefit is in terms of both number of people who can have access to knowledge and the quality of the diffusion of the knowledge itself. In this regard, CH uses augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality technologies for different purposes, including education, exhibition enhancement, exploration, reconstruction, and virtual museums. These technologies enable user-centred presentation and make cultural heritage digitally accessible, especially when physical access is constrained. A number of surveys of these emerging technologies have been conducted; however, they are either not domain specific or lack a holistic perspective in that they do not cover all the aspects of the technology. A review of these technologies from a cultural heritage perspective is therefore warranted. Accordingly, our article surveys the state-of-the-art in augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality systems as a whole and from a cultural heritage perspective. In addition, we identify specific application areas in digital cultural heritage and make suggestions as to which technology is most appropriate in each case. Finally, the article predicts future research directions for augmented and virtual reality, with a particular focus on interaction interfaces and explores the implications for the cultural heritage domain.

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Cultural–Historical Activity Theory as an integrative model of socioscientific issue based learning in museums using extended reality technologies
Hite, R., Childers, G. M., & Hoffman, J. (2024) · International Journal of Science Education, Part B · doi:10.1080/21548455.2024.2324854 · Cited by 10
“XR technologies have become more affordable and popular, especially in museum settings (Bekele et al., 2018; Leopardi et al., 2021).”
Evaluating the Impact of User and Learning Experience in Three Cultural Heritage VR Applications
Liu, W., Hargood, C., Tang, W. J., & Hulusić, V. (2025) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) · doi:10.1145/3723498.3723810 · Cited by 6
“According to Fast [43], XR—including Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR)—has been utilised in various ways to offer users novel and sensory experiences by combining real and digital content [1, 3, 10, 35].”
Promoting the heritage of the city of San Cristobal de La Laguna through a temporal link with a 16th century map
Nava, F. P., Berriel, I. S., Nava, A. P., et al. (2022) · Virtual Archaeology Review · doi:10.4995/var.2022.15322 · Cited by 5
“The use of VR applications for promoting heritage is a well-established trend worldwide (Bekele et al., 2018; Soto-Martin et al., 2020).”
Background
A Virtual Space Built on a Canvas Painting for an “Augmented” Experience to Catch the Artist’s Message
Capotorto, S., Lepore, M., & Varasano, A. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10100641 · Cited by 5
“Virtual reality, augmented or mixed reality applications are fascinating and powerful opportunities, which attract more and more studies and technological progress [24,25], mainly focused on the development of new and performing high-resolution VR (Virtual Reality)/AR (augmented Reality)/MIXED (Mixed reality) viewers…”
Background
A Pipeline for the Implementation of Immersive Experience in Cultural Heritage Sites in Sicily
Barbera, R., Condorelli, F., Gregorio, G. D., et al. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20302-2_14 · Cited by 5
The Methodology of Virtualizing Sculptures and Drawings: A Case Study of the Virtual Depot of the Gallery of Matica Srpska
Obradović, M., Mišić, S., Vasiljević, I., et al. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12194157 · Cited by 5
CATCHA: Real-Time Camera Tracking Method for Augmented Reality Applications in Cultural Heritage Interiors
Siekański, P., Michoński, J., Bunsch, E., & Sitnik, R. (2018) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi7120479 · Cited by 5
“Multiple camera tracking methods are available, such as magnetic, inertial, GPS-based, vision, and other methods [1].”
Method
Retrofitting Realities: Affordances and Limitations in Porting an Interactive Geospatial Visualization from Augmented to Virtual Reality
Richardson, M., Jacoby, D., & Coady, Y. (2018) · IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) · doi:10.1109/iemcon.2018.8614978 · Cited by 5
“Work related to this includes device-mediated approaches to cultural computing [10], and many of the techniques are directly applicable to promoting environmental change.”
Background
INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF SMARTPHONE STEREO-VISION IN MUSEUM VISITS
Masiero, A., Tucci, G., Conti, A. D., Fiorini, L., & Vettore, A. (2019) · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences · doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-837-2019 · Cited by 5
“The introduction of recently developed methods exploiting 3D information, such as augmented and virtual reality, are becoming quite popular in many cultural heritage applications (Bekele et al., 2018), and can play an important for improving the visitor experience in museums.”
Method
Comparing the Tangible Tutorial System and the Human Teacher in Intangible Cultural Heritage Education
Guo, J., Lin, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Li, S., Liu, E., Yao, C., & Ying, F. (2020) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3357236.3395449 · Cited by 5
Analysis of The Motivational Effect of Gamified Augmented Reality Apps for Learning Geometry
Thamrongrat, P., & Law, E. L. (2020) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3441000.3441034 · Cited by 8
“AR has been shown to be e � ective for enhancing experience in cultural heritage [14].”
Background
HOW WERE THE TAPESTRIES IN THE SALA DI SATURNO OF PITTI PALACE ARRANGED? GEOMATICS AND VIRTUAL REALITY FOR ART CURATORS
Conti, A. D., Tucci, G., Bonora, V., et al. (2021) · doi:10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12175 · Cited by 5
Creation of a Virtual Tour .Exe Utilizing Very High-Resolution RGB UAV Data
Sefercik, U. G., Kavzoğlu, T., Nazar, M., Atalay, C., & Madak, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics · doi:10.30897/ijegeo.1102575 · Cited by 5
“…et al., 2010; Rua and Alvito, 2011; Bruno et al., 2018), cultural heritage documentation (Gaitatzes et al., 2001; Carrozzino and Bergamasco, 2010; Bekele et al., 2018), forensic applications (Ma et al., 2010; Sieberth et al., 2019), physical therapy (Hoffman et al., 2000; Schmitt et al., 2011),…”
Background
Recovering Sicilian Silk Heritage through Digital Technologies: The Case of Piraino’s Collection
Cicero, G. L., Seidita, V., Vitella, M., et al. (2022) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage5040219 · Cited by 5
Cultural Heritage Applications Based on Augmented Reality: A Literature Review
Chatsiopoulou, A., & Michailidis, P. D. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43404-4_13 · Cited by 5
Development of a Virtual CH Path on WEB: Integration of a GIS, VR, and Other Multimedia Data
Scianna, A., Gaglio, G. F., Guardia, M. L., et al. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73043-7_15 · Cited by 5
The Acropolis on the Immersive Web
Engberg, M., Bolter, J. D., Freeman, C., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Media Innovations · doi:10.5617/jomi.8794 · Cited by 5
“According to the categories offered by Bekele et al. (2018), the Immersive Acropolis is for education and reconstruction rather than exploration.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Software and Content Design of a Browser-based Mobile 4D VR Application to Explore Historical City Architecture
Münster, S., Bruschke, J., Maiwald, F., & Kleiner, C. (2021) · Workshop on Structuring and Understanding of Multimedia heritAge Contents (SUMAC) · doi:10.1145/3475720.3484442 · Cited by 5
“102], enable users to gather a virtual view of temporal change and historic spaces, buildings, and monuments [6, 57, 80, 103, 108] and give a visual impression of parts hidden or covered [14, 15].”
Background
SigSense: Mobile Crowdsensing Based Incentive Aware Geospatial Signal Monitoring for Base Station Installation Recommendation Using Mixed Reality Game
Bhattacharya, A., & De, D. (2021) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-021-09267-5 · Cited by 5
A Survey on Virtual Reality over Wireless Networks: Fundamentals, QoE, Enabling Technologies, Research Trends and Open IssuesPreprint
Hossain, M. F., Jamalipour, A., & Munasinghe, K. S. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24585387.v1 · Cited by 5
ARWeather: Weather Forecasting and Visualization using Augmented Reality
Manimegalai, R., Arawind, S., Jegan, G. V. S. R., & Gomathi, B. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Communication, IoT and Security (ICISCoIS) · doi:10.1109/iciscois56541.2023.10100520 · Cited by 5
Beyond Short-Term Success: Developing an FCE-Based Framework for User Satisfaction in China’s Industrial Heritage Regeneration
Zheng, X., Guo, S., & Heath, T. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15162831 · Cited by 4
Fostering Embodied and Attitudinal Change Through Immersive Storytelling: A Hybrid Evaluation Approach for Sustainability Education
Palmieri, S., Lotti, G., Bisson, M., D'Ascenzi, E., & Spinò, C. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17177885 · Cited by 8
Speculative Memory and Machine Augmentation: A Polyvocal Rendering of Brutalist Architecture Through AI and Photogrammetry
Moldovan, S., Moldovan, I. M., & Rice, T. (2025) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage8100401 · Cited by 4
The Art Nouveau Path: Trajectory Analysis and Spatial Storytelling Through a Location-Based Augmented Reality Game in Urban Heritage
Ferreira-Santos, J., & Pombo, L. (2025) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi14120469 · Cited by 7
Is the metaverse really coming to fruition? A survey of applied metaverse and extended reality
Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Mai, J., Li, W., Cai, Z., & Li, Y. (2025) · High-Confidence Computing · doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2025.100376 · Cited by 8
Can Location-Based Augmented Reality Support Cultural-Heritage Experience in Real-World Settings? Age-Related Engagement Patterns and a Field-Based Evaluation
Julrode, P., Poollapalin, D., Sangamuang, S., Intawong, K., & Puritat, K. (2026) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics13010012 · Cited by 4
“Reviews of AR for cultural heritage suggest that situated AR narratives improve comprehension, emotional engagement, and meaning-making [2,26].”
How Does Digital Experience of Cultural Heritage Transform into Sustained Behavioral Intention? Assessing Perceived Value and Place Attachment Mechanisms Based on Value Adoption Model
Meng, L., & Zhu, Z.-Y. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18031470 · Cited by 8
Digital rebirth: how task-technology fit drive immersion and user engagement in intangible cultural heritage VR
Ren, X., Hao, X., Xu, J., & Xu, J. (2026) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-026-02425-7 · Cited by 6
Enabling Inclusive Access to Restricted Sacred Spaces: A Real-World Comparison of VR360 and AI-Driven Virtual Reality
Thongthip, P., Poollapalin, D., Khanchai, S., et al. (2026) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics13040059 · Cited by 4
“However, physical access to such sites is frequently constrained by conservation requirements, architectural fragility, safety concerns, or long-established ritual and cultural practices [1,2].”
Enhancing the Motivation of Young Learners in Intangible Cultural Heritage Education: A Creative Real-Time Finger Tracking System for Chinese Shadow Puppetry
Kong, A., Wang, X., & Tang, J. K. T. (2024) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1109/iciet60671.2024.10542819 · Cited by 4
“Cultural heritage benefits significantly from using technologies because users can experience cultural elements in a completely new way [12].”
Background
Exploring the Determinants of Users’ Intention to Use Augmented Reality in Craftsmanship-Oriented Intangible Cultural Heritage Games
Lai, S., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251359021 · Cited by 5
“Bekele et al. (2018) suggest that integrating AR with 3D modeling, virtual reality, and audio feedback helps create a multi-sensory interactive environment, significantly enhancing users’ immersive experience and participation.”
Local roots, global reach? A framework for managing place-based identity in new cultural industries
Wang, S. L., Lyles, M. A., Bird, A. W., & Lampel, J. (2025) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-025-00807-w · Cited by 9
“For example, virtual and augmented reality have revolutionized artistic practices, enabled interactive, immersive experiences and eliminated spatial and temporal constraints in creative expression (Bekele, Pierdicca, Frontoni, Malinverni, & Gain, 2018).”
ICTS AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR PROMOTING TOURISM DESTINATIONS: THE CASE OF SMART MARCA APP.
Ferrara, C., Pierdicca, R., Balestra, M., Mignani, C., Frontoni, E., & Cavicchi, A. (2021) · Tourism in South East Europe .../Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe · doi:10.20867/tosee.06.16 · Cited by 4
“Immersive reality technology, who includes all technologies and applications providing immersive experiences, bounded by real and virtual environments (Bekele et al. 2018; Bec et al. 2019; Bekele and Champion 2019), also plays a crucial role.”
Background

Authors: Bekele, M. K., Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Malinverni, E. S., & Gain, J.
Affiliations: University of Cape Town (ZA)
Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
ORCID: Bekele, Mafkereseb Kassahun
Pierdicca, Roberto
Frontoni, Emanuele
Malinverni, Eva Savina
Gain, James
Venue: Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Published: 2018-03-22
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-36
ISSN: 1556-4711 (ISSN-L)
1556-4673
DOI: 10.1145/3145534
OpenAlex: W2790695540
Semantic Scholar: cdeda2c21fdfe930327cbca424f8ce5ac9d30c67
Cited by: 1,147
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 215 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 17
FWCI: 34.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations: Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (publishedVersion)
Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Hasso-Plattner Institute
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
Keywords: augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, cultural heritage, digital heritage, virtual museum, heritage education, heritage reconstruction, digital accessibility, interaction interfaces

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A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage

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