The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 29 of the 137 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.
Open accessAbstract
Schizophrenia is often referred to as one of the most severe mental disorders, primarily because of the very high mortality rates of those with the disorder. This article reviews the literature on excess early mortality in persons with schizophrenia and suggests reasons for the high mortality as well as possible ways to reduce it. Persons with schizophrenia have an exceptionally short life expectancy. High mortality is found in all age groups, resulting in a life expectancy of approximately 20 years below that of the general population. Evidence suggests that persons with schizophrenia may not have seen the same improvement in life expectancy as the general population during the past decades. Thus, the mortality gap not only persists but may actually have increased. The most urgent research agenda concerns primary candidates for modifiable risk factors contributing to this excess mortality, i.e., side effects of treatment and lifestyle factors, as well as sufficient prevention and treatment of physical comorbidity.
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Claims the paper makes
59 No full text of the sources · 39 Own interpretation · 27 Sources not found · 27 No basis given · 14 Supported · 10 Partly supported · 6 Not checked yet · 6 Own result · 5 Own method · 1 Mixed support · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Note that large differences exist between the effects achieved in the studies (Bonfioli et al. 2012, Caemmerer et al. 2012).”
- Also stated in: § Diet and Weight · plain
“Large differences exist between the effects achieved in the studies.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Bonfioli et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results (‘Results for all interventions’; page unavailable), the paper says its test failed to suggest substantial heterogeneity in effects. Its ‘Heterogeneity of studies’ section describes differences in samples and interventions, but says the analysis did not detect statistically significant heterogeneity. Those differences do not establish the claimed large differences between effects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites Caemmerer et al. 2012 source
The Results (Co-primary Outcomes; page unavailable) report substantial between-study heterogeneity for BMI effects (I²=75%). The Results (Secondary Outcomes; page unavailable) also report I² values above 50% for several outcomes, supporting the statement that effects differed substantially across studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Diet and Weight · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A recent study from the United Kingdom (Chang et al. 2011) found that life expectancy was reduced by 14.6 years among persons with schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Life Expectancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chang et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a 14.6-year reduction in life expectancy at birth for men with schizophrenia compared with national norms. The citing sentence omits that this figure applies to men; the reported reduction for women with schizophrenia was 9.8 years. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A Welsh study found that persons admitted with schizophrenia to an asylum from 1875 to 1924 died 10.8 years earlier than the general population (Healy et al. 2012).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Life Expectancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Healy et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Population section identifies a North Wales asylum cohort admitted from 1875 to 1924. Results > Years of life lost reports 10.8 years lost for patients with schizophrenia whose deaths were confirmed, but 8.0 years when discharged patients were included. The citing sentence omits that qualification and presents 10.8 years as the figure for everyone admitted with schizophrenia. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, some studies did not find a reduction in cardiovascular drug use (Desai et al. 2002, Plomondon et al. 2007).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Desai et al. 2002 source
- Partly supportedcites Plomondon et al. 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report similar discharge prescription rates for aspirin, ACE-inhibitors/ARBs, and β-blockers in patients with and without severe mental illness. Schizophrenia was included in the severe-mental-illness group, but the reported medication comparison was for the pooled group, not for patients with schizophrenia separately. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the British study, an MRR of 2 to 3 was found.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Mortality Rate Ratios
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brown et al. 2010 source
The Results (All cause mortality) report an all-cause standardised mortality ratio of 289, or 2.89 times the expected mortality in England and Wales. That supports the citing sentence’s approximate ratio of 2 to 3, although the source calls its measure an SMR rather than an MRR. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Underdiagnosis of somatic disorders in schizophrenic patients has been described in many other studies (Frayne et al. 2005, Laursen et al. 2009, Osborn et al. 2008).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frayne et al. 2005 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Osborn et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Quality and variability of published studies; page unavailable) says people with severe mental illness may previously have been less likely to receive diabetes screening, which could underestimate recorded diabetes prevalence. That supports a possible detection gap, but not the broader claim that many studies have described underdiagnosis of somatic disorders specifically in patients with schizophrenia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moderate evidence suggests that it is possible to counteract weight loss or to prevent weight increases of 3.12 kg on average (or 0.94 kg/m 2 measured as BMI) in obese mentally ill people undergoing antipsychotic treatment.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bonfioli et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that lifestyle interventions reduced BMI by 0.98 kg/m², corresponding to 3.12% of initial weight—not 0.94 kg/m² or 3.12 kg. The Results describe participants taking antipsychotics, but the studies included normal-weight and overweight participants as well as obese participants. The paper reports reducing weight, not counteracting weight loss. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites Caemmerer et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Co-primary Outcomes; page not provided) report 3.12 kg less weight and 0.94 kg/m² less BMI with non-pharmacological interventions than with controls. The paper describes preventing or reducing weight gain, not “counteracting weight loss.” The claim also limits the finding to obese people, whereas the pooled groups’ mean BMIs were below the obesity threshold and the Discussion says significant benefits were found only in outpatient trials. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“No studies have compared smoking cessation programs with no intervention, but one study has compared a specialized smoking cessation program for patients with schizophrenia with an ordinary program developed for people in the general population and found no differences in cessation rates between the two programs (Baker et al. 2006).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Baker et al. 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study Design section says the trial compared a smoking cessation intervention for people with psychotic disorders against treatment as usual plus smoking-cessation booklets—not an ordinary cessation program developed for the general population. Overall Changes in Smoking reports no significant difference in abstinence rates between the randomized groups at 3, 6, or 12 months, supporting only the cessation-rate portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Daumit et al. (2008) analyzed changes in 10-year coronary heart disease risk estimates during the 18-month CATIE trial by antipsychotic treatment, and they found that treatment with olanzapine and quetiapine was associated with a higher long-term risk of cardiovascular disease than was treatment with perphenazin, risperidone, and ziprasidone.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Daumit et al. 2008 source
The Results (§3.2) report that estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk increased with olanzapine and quetiapine and decreased with perphenazine, risperidone, and ziprasidone. These are risk estimates, not observed cardiovascular events; the paper reports a statistically significant individual comparison only between olanzapine and risperidone. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A study in age-dependent cognitive tests found a discrepancy of 20 years between persons with schizophrenia and the general population (Fernandez-Egea et al. 2011), in accordance with the 20 years' shorter life expectancy.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Accelerated Aging
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Fernandez-Egea et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a hypothesis of accelerated aging in schizophrenia, but the Methods and Results examine testosterone activity, not age-dependent cognitive tests. Neither the supplied passages nor searches for cognitive tests and a 20-year difference found the claimed comparison with the general population in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 69
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 56
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Schizophrenia is often referred to as one of the most severe mental disorders, primarily because of the very high mortality rates of those with the disorder.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
“the data nevertheless indicate that schizophrenia is one of the most severe and disabling disorders worldwide.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Salomon et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) identify acute schizophrenia as one of the health states with the highest disability weights, supporting the severity aspect of the claim. They do not say that schizophrenia has very high mortality rates or that mortality is the primary reason for its severity; the paper’s mortality comparison concerns disability weights generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The same widening of the mortality gap was found in another Danish study (Nielsen et al. 2013b) and in a study from the United Kingdom (Brown et al. 2010).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Mortality Rate Ratios
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nielsen et al. 2013b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Brown et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Time trends in mortality; page unavailable) show a rise in cardiovascular mortality relative to the general population, but the trend was of borderline statistical significance. The all-cause mortality ratio changed only slightly and not significantly (P=0.6), so the paper does not establish the unqualified widening of the mortality gap attributed to the UK study. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A systematic review by Saha et al. (2005) found a lifetime morbidity risk of 7.2 per 1,000 persons; the 10% and 90% quantiles were 3.1 and 27.1, respectively.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Saha et al. 2005 source
The Results section (“The Distribution of Prevalence Estimates”) reports a median lifetime morbid risk of 7.2 per 1,000 persons, with 10% and 90% quantiles of 3.1 and 27.1 per 1,000. It describes this as an 8.7-fold difference across estimates. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, the most severe of all 220 disorders was schizophrenia in an acute state, with a score of 0.76.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Salomon et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Findings report that acute schizophrenia had the highest disability weight, 0.76, among the 220 assessed. However, the paper calls these 220 entities health states, not 220 distinct disorders; the Results note that a single disorder could have multiple severity states. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“as do immigrants (Cantor-Graae et al. 2003).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cantor-Graae et al. 2003 source
The Results in the Abstract report higher relative risks of developing schizophrenia for both first- and second-generation immigrants in the Danish cohort. This supports the citing sentence's general statement, though the study's estimates concern people resident in Denmark by age 15. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Lawrence et al. (2010) concluded that insufficient health service for schizophrenic patients with cardiovascular disease may explain part of the increased mortality from natural causes.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lawrence et al. 2010 source
The Schizophrenia section (p. 4) says two-thirds of excess mortality in schizophrenia is from natural causes, identifies cardiovascular disease as a major cause of death, and lists poor organization of health services among possible explanations. The Effect of Mental Illness on Physical Health Care section (p. 5) reports lower rates of cardiovascular interventions and appropriate medication among people with mental illness, consistent with the claim's qualified explanation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mitchell & Lord (2010) reviewed papers on invasive cardiac procedures and medication and concluded that evidence supports that deficits in quality of care contribute to higher-than-expected mortality in people with schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Mitchell & Lord 2010 source
The Abstract states that indirect evidence supports the observation that deficits in quality of care contribute to higher-than-expected mortality in people with severe mental illness and schizophrenia. The Discussion conclusion adds that a causative role has not been established; the citing sentence says the evidence supports the conclusion, not that causation was proven. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Two meta-analyses (Bonfioli et al. 2012, Caemmerer et al. 2012) indicated that weight management programs could impede weight gain during antipsychotic treatment and could also be effective for weight loss.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bonfioli et al. 2012 source
The Methods describe trials aimed at preventing weight gain or producing weight loss in patients with psychosis, and the Results state that all patients in the included studies took antipsychotics. The Discussion reports that preventive lifestyle interventions reduced weight compared with treatment as usual. Together, these passages support the claim attributed to Bonfioli et al. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites Caemmerer et al. 2012 source
The Results (Co-primary Outcomes; page not specified) report significantly lower weight with non-pharmacological interventions than with controls. The Results (Secondary Outcomes; page not specified) also report that fewer intervention participants gained at least 7% of their weight, supporting both weight loss and prevention of weight gain during antipsychotic treatment. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“After the publication of the meta-analyses (Bonfioli et al. 2012, Caemmerer et al. 2012), Daumit et al. (2013) found further support in a randomized controlled trial for weight loss through weight management programs.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Daumit et al. 2013 source
The Methods section reports random assignment to intervention and control groups. The Discussion states that the behavioral intervention, which included weight-management counseling and group exercise, significantly reduced weight over 18 months in overweight and obese adults with serious mental illness attending psychiatric rehabilitation programs. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In addition, suicide attempt should be considered a very important risk factor among patients with schizophrenia and other mental disorders, as underlined by the recent findings in a large Swedish study (Runeson et al. 2010).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Runeson et al. 2010 source
The Conclusion (page unavailable) states that previous suicide attempts are a strong risk factor for subsequent suicide and that coexisting psychiatric morbidity further increases the risk. The Discussion’s Interpretation (page unavailable) reports particularly high risk after certain attempts in people with psychotic or affective disorders, supporting the citing sentence’s reference to schizophrenia and other mental disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“According to this theory, physiological changes associated with aging occur at an earlier age in people with schizophrenia compared to the general population (Kirkpatrick et al. 2008).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Accelerated Aging
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kirkpatrick et al. 2008 source
The paper explicitly defines its accelerated-aging hypothesis as physiological changes associated with normal aging occurring earlier in people with schizophrenia than in the general population (Key words section). The citing sentence describes that theory, rather than asserting that it has been proven. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recently, Dutta et al. (2010) estimated a lifetime risk of suicide of 3.23% for patients 20 years after the first psychotic diagnosis.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dutta et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 4 reports a 3.23% cumulative suicide risk for the entire cohort at 20 years after the first psychotic episode. It does not establish 3.23% as a lifetime risk: the paper cautions about that term, and its Results report suicides after 20 years of follow-up. The study measures time from first presentation or episode, rather than first diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“An alternative explanation of the early excess mortality in persons with schizophrenia has been the theory of accelerated aging.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Accelerated Aging
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kirkpatrick et al. 2008 source
The paper's opening section proposes accelerated aging as a hypothesis to explain some of the increased mortality associated with schizophrenia. The Mortality section contrasts that hypothesis with explanations such as medication effects, suicide, and poor health care. The citing sentence presents it as a theory, not an established cause. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The American Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team recommends weight management for patients with schizophrenia and a BMI higher than 25 (Dixon et al. 2010); however, it is not clear how these weight management programs should be administered.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dixon et al. 2010 source
The recommendation in the Methods section says individuals with schizophrenia who are overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30.0) should be offered a psychosocial weight-loss intervention. This supports the cited claim about weight management for patients with a BMI higher than 25. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A similar approach focusing on obesity has been evaluated by Daumit et al. (2013), who report a 3.2 kg weight loss in a randomized controlled trial that examines the outcome of a tailored weight management program versus standard treatment in a group of patients with schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders and with a mean body mass index of 36.3 kg/m 2 .”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Daumit et al. 2013 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
In the paper
“From Danish population registries, we know that approximately 1.5% of the population will get a diagnosis of schizophrenia at some point”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thorup et al. 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sharp peak occurs in the late teens and early twenties and is more pronounced among males than females.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence declines steadily after the age of 22, and at the maximum age of this cohort, 60 to 61 years, the incidence is 0.1 new cases of schizophrenia per 1,000 years under risk in both men and women.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the data also show that these individuals want to stop smoking, eat more healthily, and be more physically active just as much as the general population does.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They associate better health with a more meaningful daily life and better quality of life.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Barriers and Motivation for Lifestyle Changes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most significant barriers to changing their lifestyle are the symptoms of the mental illness and the adverse drug effects of medical treatment, but individuals with mental illness are also challenged by a life situation characterized by social isolation and difficulties with creating a structured life.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Barriers and Motivation for Lifestyle Changes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mortality rate ratio for persons with schizophrenia (solid line) in Denmark compared to the general population (reference group; dotted line).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incidence of schizophrenia among women (solid line) and men (dotted line), ages 13 to 60, per 1,000 years under risk in Denmark in the period 1995 to 2011.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incidence rate ratios of 19 somatic chronic diseases included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index among persons previously admitted with schizophrenia to a Danish psychiatric hospital compared to the general population without psychiatric hospital contact.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the mortality gap not only persists but may actually have increased.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High mortality is found in all age groups, resulting in a life expectancy of approximately 20 years below that of the general population.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A cornerstone study was the extensive review by Harris & Barraclough (1998), which documented excess mortality among psychiatric patients, especially patients with schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris & Barraclough (1998) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“schizophrenia occurs worldwide (McGrath et al. 2008).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGrath et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some of the studies use only information on the persons with schizophrenia who died, and results should therefore be interpreted with caution.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Life Expectancy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An elevated mortality rate among persons with schizophrenia was indicated by cause-specific SMRs that were higher than 1, except for the SMR for cerebrovascular disease, which was based on only three studies.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Mortality Rate Ratios
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saha et al. 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall picture is that the incidence of schizophrenia varies significantly not only across different groups within a population but also between countries.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results from Denmark are similar to those of studies from other countries, although some differences are noted.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is not a common disorder, more than 1% of a population has schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prognosis and outcome in persons with schizophrenia tended to be worse (including higher mortality rates) than the outcome in persons with bipolar disorder (Shorter 1997).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shorter 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kraepelin's dichotomization proved later not to be entirely true because some patients with schizophrenia recovered completely”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angst 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These advantages include that the method takes into account the effect of very common causes of death with relatively low excess mortality, it gives more weight to deaths occurring among younger persons (which are more common among persons with severe mental disorders than the general population), and it presents a straightforward and understandable measure of the magnitude of the excess mortality”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > EXTENT OF THE EXCESS MORTALITY How to Measure Mortality
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mortality rate for men with schizophrenia was 3.2 times higher than that for the general Norwegian population, and the corresponding number for women was 4.8.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Odegard (1951)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“persons living and/or born in the city have a higher incidence (Pedersen & Mortensen 2006)”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pedersen & Mortensen 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“males have a higher incidence of schizophrenia, males have an earlier onset (van der Werf et al. 2012)”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van der Werf et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The overall SMR was 2.58, with 10% and 90% quantiles of 1.18 and 5.76, respectively.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Mortality Rate Ratios
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saha et al. 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cardiovascular mortality gap between persons with schizophrenia and the general population has also grown during the past few decades, according to a Danish register-based study (Laursen & Nordentoft 2011); the mortality rate ratio has increased from around 2.0 in 1994 to 3.5 in 2006 compared to the general population.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Mortality Rate Ratios
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen & Nordentoft 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis estimated that the risk of suicide was approximately 13-fold higher for persons with schizophrenia as compared to the general population (Saha et al. 2007).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saha et al. 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, all studies find a significant and very low life expectancy in persons with schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Life Expectancy
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, it has been suggested that persons with schizophrenia are more vulnerable to chronic physical diseases; the risk of medical disease is higher, and the prognosis is poorer (Laursen et al. 2012).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2012 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is obviously just a mathematical thought experiment, but it nevertheless illustrates that the lowering of somatic disorders must be a combined effort of all somatic specialties.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The results are not as clear-cut as expected because high mortality rates (from, e.g., cancer and heart disease)”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Laursen 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Furthermore, the paper showed that the Charlson index is twofold higher among persons with schizophrenia compared to the general population, which suggests there is an increased occurrence of somatic disorders in these individuals.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Laursen et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the prevalence of some somatic disorders (and causes of death) seems to be the same or even lower among schizophrenic patients, the risk from early death caused by other somatic disorders or suicide and accidents should be kept in mind.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical illnesses in persons with schizophrenia are common but are diagnosed late and treated insufficiently.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHY THE EXCESS EARLY MORTALITY?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Antipsychotics, in particular atypical antipsychotics, have been associated with weight gain, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and other cardiac risk factors (Newcomer 2007).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Newcomer 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The authors concluded that the association could be explained by the reduced tendency of patients with schizophrenia to report musculoskeletal pain (Mors et al. 1999).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mors et al. 1999 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although there is increased somatic comorbidity among persons with schizophrenia, the study also showed that mortality from natural causes is extremely high in patients with schizophrenia, and this suggests that the excess mortality may be partly rooted in higher rates of somatic disorders and partly in underdetection or undertreatment of chronic disorders (Laursen et al. 2011).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Laursen et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The risk of suicide and accidents among patients with schizophrenia is high.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHY THE EXCESS EARLY MORTALITY?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the same way, the different causes of mortality do not contribute equally or work independently.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A Danish study has found that the rates of invasive procedures were considerably lower and the survival after first contact to a hospital for heart disease was reduced in persons with schizophrenia compared to the general population (Laursen et al. 2009).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High mortality rates caused by other sources would lower the risk of getting a disease (or dying from it), especially if the disease has a late onset, as is common with some cancers, for example.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Persons with schizophrenia tend to have an unhealthy lifestyle (poor diet, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHY THE EXCESS EARLY MORTALITY?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laursen et al. 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, patients with a psychiatric disorder tend to use medical services to a lesser degree, which could lead to an increased mortality (Cradock-O' Leary et al. 2002).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cradock-O' Leary et al. 2002 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Raedler (2010) reviewed the effect of antipsychotic drugs and concluded that antipsychotics increased the risk of metabolic syndrome, sudden cardiac death, and myocarditis/cardiomyopathy.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Raedler 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study from Helsinki (Lahti et al. 2012) found a 0.37-fold use of antihypertensive drugs and a 0.47-fold use of lipid-lowering drugs compared to the general population.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Poor Physical Health and Health Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lahti et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antipsychotic medication may cause adverse effects, which may negatively affect mortality, but it is unclear how different antipsychotic drugs may affect the excess mortality.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Treatment with varenicline also increased the chance of smoking cessation, although the evidence is weaker than for bupropion (Williams et al. 2012).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the general population in Denmark, smoking-related illnesses account for a reduction in life expectancy of 3.5 years for men and 3.0 years for women ( Juel & Sørensen 2006).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Juel & Sørensen 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though we lack national statistics on smoking habits for people with schizophrenia, a number of studies indicate that smoking is far more frequent among people with schizophrenia and contributes substantially to the reduced life expectancy in this patient group.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several investigators later concluded that Miles's estimates were most likely too high for various reasons (Blair-West et al. 1997, 1999;Bostwick & Pankratz 2000;Inskip et al. 1998;Palmer et al. 2005).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Weight gains resulting in a BMI of 30 or more occurred among 2.73% of these patients per year during the first three years of treatment ( Jerrell et al. 2010).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jerrell et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A large randomized clinical trial of first-episode patients treated with different antipsychotic drugs (Kahn et al. 2008) found that all antipsychotic drugs were associated with a greater than 7% increase in weight during the trial; proportion of patients affected ranged from 37% (ziprasidone) to 86% (olanzapine).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kahn et al. 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that the lifestyle interventions are not only effective but are also achievable for the participants.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the effect on weight, significant changes have been linked with other clinically relevant somatic risk factors, including the levels of body fat percentage, fasting plasma glucose, and blood fat as well as waist measurement.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The excess risk was concluded to be partly explained by a higher frequency of cigarette smoking, although the relative contributions to cardiac risk of specific antipsychotic agents, diet, exercise, and quality of medical care remain to be clarified.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goff et al. 2005 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the most cited papers is the review written by Miles (1977), which estimated that 15% of persons with unipolar affective disorder, 15% with alcoholism, and 10% with schizophrenia would die from suicide.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miles 1977 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The training was twice a week for six months, and the authors concluded that the training could prevent VO 2 max from declining.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Physical activity.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Scheewe et al. 2012 source
hedgedconditionaln = 63- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More studies on the efficacy of different smoking cessation methods are needed, but current evidence suggests that bupropion, varenicline, nicotine substitution, and smoking cessation programs are effective.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have investigated factors affecting the success of smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia, and some evidence suggests that both bupropion and varenicline can increase the chances of quitting smoking.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Lifestyle Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have indicated that dietary habits are partly responsible for weight gain in schizophrenia, but medication can also independently cause weight gain.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and weight.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this review was based on rather small studies with selected samples and brief follow-up periods.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miles 1977 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have included only a few of the most recent papers to illustrate the lack of studies on long-term outcomes in persons using antipsychotic drugs, which impedes the establishment of clear guidelines in the use of the drugs.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These estimates are lower than reported in the most cited papers in the field, but the figures are still substantial and emphasize the continuous need for prevention of suicide among people with schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inskip et al. (1998) estimated the lifetime risk to be 6% for affective disorder, 7% for alcohol dependence, and 4% for schizophrenia, whereas Palmer and colleagues (2005) estimated the lifetime risk to be 5.6% for schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Palmer et al. 2005 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is worth noting that no solid epidemiological studies to date have tested to which extent any or all of the above-mentioned factors can explain the excess mortality in schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the major sources of excess mortality have changed over the past 70 years.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lifestyle of people with mental illness can be changed, and to a great extent these individuals also want this change.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, schizophrenia has a very strong impact on income, educational attainment, marital status, and other indicators associated with health and mortality.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, lifestyle factors such as excess alcohol consumption and tobacco use and little attention to a healthy diet are more prevalent in psychiatric patients.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People suffering from mental illness encounter a number of barriers to lifestyle changes, including illness symptoms, adverse drug effects, and life situations.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of nicotine substitution on persons with depression is the same as that on smokers without depression, corresponding to a cessation success rate of 14% to 22% after a six-month smoking cessation intervention.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, it has proven difficult to recruit people with bipolar disorders and ongoing depression for smoking cessation interventions, and only a very limited number of studies focus on long-term maintenance of achieved smoking cessation.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weak evidence also indicates that payment for participation in a smoking cessation program has a positive effect, but it is uncertain whether this also applies to the long term.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of varenicline is not as clear, but the literature indicates that people with schizophrenia tolerate it, which can increase the chance of smoking cessation, at least in the short term.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mounting evidence suggests that people suffering from schizophrenia have increased morbidity and mortality.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excess death following hospitalization for a mental disorder indicates not only that a current mental disorder is a risk factor contributing to death from a physical disorder, but also that the health system fails to prevent, identify, and treat physical diseases during hospitalization for a mental disorder.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence of the effect of bupropion and other antidepressant drugs to promote smoking cessation is not as clear but findings indicate a slightly higher tendency of smoking cessation among people with depression who took these drugs.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also know that a significant share of this excess mortality, which shortens life by 15 to 20 years, is caused by somatic illness linked with an unhealthy lifestyle.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > WHAT EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? ARE CLINICAL GUIDELINES REQUIRED?
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, difficulties in diagnosing somatic comorbidities, undertreatment of diagnosed disorders, or even untoward effects of the treatment of schizophrenia (e.g., diabetes, obesity) are likely to contribute and could suggest possible avenues for prevention.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although excess mortality, and to some extent excess physical morbidity, has been amply documented, only a few studies have documented the causes of this excess mortality.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > FURTHER STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL INITIATIVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moderate evidence indicates that nicotine substitution treatment increases cessation of smoking among people with previous or ongoing depression.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of people with schizophrenia, moderate evidence suggests that bupropion can nearly triple the chance of smoking cessation after six months, with no negative effects on psychotic symptoms.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Smoking
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inskip et al. (1998) estimated the lifetime risk to be 6% for affective disorder, 7% for alcohol dependence, and 4% for schizophrenia, whereas Palmer and colleagues (2005) estimated the lifetime risk to be 5.6% for schizophrenia.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Suicide
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Inskip et al. 1998 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of studies indicate that health care employees with negative attitudes may actually form a barrier for lifestyle changes among people with mental illness.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Barriers and Motivation for Lifestyle Changes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that study participants are able to carry out the lifestyle interventions and that the interventions are effective.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and Weight
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcomes are not known for nonmotivated psychiatric patients in lifestyle interventions that focus on diet.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Diet and Weight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lifestyles of the mentally ill are generally influenced by a number of dilemmas and conflicting feelings, and this implies that good intentions for a healthier lifestyle may not always result in taking action.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Barriers and Motivation for Lifestyle Changes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concept of schizophrenia was originally defined to include patients with especially poor outcomes.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the mortality gap not only persists but may actually even be increasing.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This group of patients still has an exceptionally short life expectancy because of very high mortality in all age groups.”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
No mortality occurs in the age group 0-15 years old.
“Note that we have assumed no mortality in the age group 0-15 years old.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While causes are multifactorial, cardiometabolic risk factors such as cardiovascular disease and obesity are recognised major contributors [1,2,10,11].”
From A systematic review of licensed weight-loss medications in treating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia and psychosis. (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Life expectancy in patients with schizophrenia is reduced by 20 years for men and 15 years for women compared to the general population.”
In the citing paper
“People with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders die earlier than their peers in the general population, with recent estimates suggesting by around 15–20 years.1–10”
From Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Over the past decades, consistent evidence has accrued that people with psychotic disorder have higher mortality rates than the general population.1–9”
From Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medicine
“A randomized trial including 18,154 patients with schizophrenia compared the effects of ziprasidone and olanzapine (Strom et al. 2011).”
§ Excess Early Mortality in Schizophrenia > References
“Strom BL, Eng SM, Faich G, Reynolds RF, D'Agostino RB, et al. 2011. Comparative mortality associated with ziprasidone and olanzapine in real-world use among 18,154 patients with schizophrenia: the Ziprasidone Observational Study of Cardiac Outcomes (ZODIAC).”
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“Introduction Life expectancy in patients with schizophrenia is shortened by about 15–20 years [1,2].”
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“, 2019), with the highest relative mortality rates among the youngest persons with schizophrenia (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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“These individuals have an estimated life expectancy over 20 years lower than their cohort peers and the disparity continues even when accounting for other factors such as substance abuse and suicide [19, 20].”
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“In this view, schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality rate that could be determined by autonomic alterations (Laursen et al., 2014); on that basis, Schulz et al.”
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“Life expectancy is reduced by several years, with somatic comorbidity as one of the major causes (5).”
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“In comparison to the general population, individuals with schizophrenia face a higher mortality rate, often due to preventable physical health conditions [3].”
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“Approximately 60% of these premature deaths are due to physical illnesses such as cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and certain types of cancer (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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“The rate of unnatural death including suicide has been reported to be higher in patients with psychotic disorders than in the general population [24].”
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“…is a chronic disorder that concurs with delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/ catatonic behavior or negative symptoms of sufficient severity to disrupt everyday functioning [1], resulting in a life expectancy of 15–20 years shorter that of the general population [2].”
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“Both worldwide and in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), people experiencing psychosis have premature mortality, living, on average, approximately 20 years less than the general population (Cunningham et al., 2014; Laursen et al., 2014; Te Pou o Te Whakaaro Nui, 2014; Walker et al., 2015).”
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“People with serious mental health conditions (including schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder) are at increased risk of early mortality by between 10 and 20 years compared to age-matched controls (Laursen et al. 2014; Plana-Ripoll et al. 2020), and this gap is widening (Hayes et al. 2017).”
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“Alarmingly, schizophrenia may decrease life expectancy of both men and women by > 15 years (Laursen et al., 2014).”
Priority Health Conditions and Global Life Expectancy Disparities
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“SCZ patients exhibit a short life expectancy [5, 6], typically between 10 and 15 years, due to SCZ-associated comorbidities, which otherwise correlate to the elevated relapse and mortality rates [7, 8].”
Psychotic Disorders and exosomes: An overview of current evidence and future directions
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“Low CRF is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD; [13]), which is the largest single cause of death among patients with schizophrenia [14].”
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“57 The lifespan of individuals with schizophrenia can be up to 20 years shorter than the general 58 population, and the risk of death is raised by 2-3 fold [2-4].”
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30 SCHIZOPHRENIA IS CHARACTERIZED BY AGE- AND SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC AGING
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“Persons with schizophrenia live about 20 years shorter than the general population [27].”
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Ori, A. P. S., Loohuis, L. M. O., Guintivano, J., Hannon, E. J., Dempster, E. L., Clair, D. S., Bass, N. J., McQuillin, A., Mill, J. S., Sullivan, P. F., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/727859 · Cited by 7
“SCZ is associated with a two- to threefold increased risk of mortality[4– 74 6] and a 15 year reduction in life expectancy compared to the general population[7,8].”
BackgroundDeep retinal layer microvasculature alterations in schizophrenia
Fradkin, S. I., Bannai, D., Lizano, P. L., Lai, A., Crosta, C. M., Thompson, J. L., & Silverstein, S. M. (2024) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100084 · Cited by 6
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“Additionally, antipsychotic treatment often causes debilitating side effects contributing to the significantly higher mortality rates in schizophrenia patients (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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“Furthermore, in comparison to the general population, individuals afflicted with this disorder experience a reduced life expectancy as a result of complications including metabolic, cardiovascular, and infectious ailments (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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“Discussion Schizophrenia is frequently regarded as one of the most serious mental illnesses[2], with patients having a life expectancy approximately 15 years shorter than the general population and a 5% to 10% lifetime risk of suicide[4].”
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“Schizophrenia induces excess mortality that reduces life expectancy by almost 20 years (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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“Indeed, schizophrenia is associated with high rates of suicidality [4], excess early mortality [5], and impaired quality of life [6].”
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“These comorbidities may be related to the fact that people with a schizophrenia diagnosis die 15–20 years earlier than individuals from the general population (Crump et al., 2013; Laursen et al., 2014).”
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Zhou, H., Luo, H., Tang, J. Y. ‐., Honer, W. G., Bastiampillai, T. J., Zhou, J., Taipale, H. T., Chang, W. C., Lui, S. S. Y., Lee, E. H. M., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.10312 · Cited by 6
Chen, W., Hung, Y., Huang, S., Pan, C., Su, S., Yang, T.-W., & Kuo, C. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.04.024 · Cited by 5
Kalejahi, P., Kheirouri, S., Noorazar, S. G., & Sanayei, M. (2021) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2021.102135 · Cited by 5
Haddad, H. W., Boardman, E., Williams, B., Mouhaffel, R., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.34224 · Cited by 6
Public Stigma Toward Schizophrenia Within Latino Communities in the United States
Gearing, R. E., Brewer, K. B., Washburn, M., Carr, L. C., Burr, S., Manning, K., & Torres, L. R. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01075-w · Cited by 7
“1 3 a diagnosis of schizophrenia are at increased risk of multiple other co-occurring health conditions including increased risk of death due to COVID-19, death by suicide and other forms of early mortality, heart disease and Type II diabetes (Annamalai et al., 2017; Cadenhead et al., 2019; Charlson et al., 2018; Laur…”
BackgroundRecent natural selection conferred protection against schizophrenia by non-antagonistic pleiotropy
González‐Peñas, J., de Hoyos, L., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Andreu-Bernabeu, Á., Stella, C., Gurriarán, X., Fañanás, L., Bobes, J., González-Pinto, A. M., Crespo‐Facorro, B., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42578-0 · Cited by 7
Sud, D., Bradley, E., Tritter, J. Q., & Maidment, I. D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05864-3 · Cited by 5
“People with severe mental illness (SMI) e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder have higher morbidity and mortality than the general population [1] with their life expectancy reduced by between 10 and 20 years [2, 3].”
BackgroundShen, C., Tong, X., Ran, J., Sun, S.-Z., Yang, Q., Shen, H., & Yao, X.-I. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.008 · Cited by 5
“Adults with schizophrenia have accelerated brain ageing that may contribute to age-related chronic diseases and are 2 to 3 times more likely to die prematurely than the general population (Constantinides et al., 2023; Laursen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTime trends in mortality for people with severe mental illness in Denmark 2000–2018
Lindstrӧm, C., Siersma, V., Kriegbaum, M., Willadsen, T. G., Bakkedal, C., Brodersen, J., Reventlow, S. D., Møller, A., & Rozing, M. P. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2024.2444262 · Cited by 5
“The observation that SMI confers a heightened risk for premature mortality has been shown consistently in a large number of studies [2,5,20] including a meta-analysis [21].”
Sang, N., Fan, Y., Chen, H., Cui, H., Wei, Y., Tang, X., Xu, L., Mei, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100353 · Cited by 5
“Individuals with schizophrenia are 2 to 3 times more likely to die pre-maturely compared to the general population (Laursen et al., 2014).”
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The Cardiorespiratory Network in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients
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Metabolic trajectories in childhood and adolescence: Effects on risk for schizophrenia
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“It is well established that schizophrenia is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, and iatrogenic metabolic syndrome caused by D2 antipsychotics is likely to contribute to this increased mortality risk [16].”
BackgroundShared genetic architecture and causal relationship between frailty and schizophrenia
Deng, M., Wang, K., Liu, F., Zhou, X., Nie, J., Zhao, Z.-H., & Liu, J. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00550-5 · Cited by 7
“Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by positive, negative, or cognitive symptoms, which affects up to 1% of the population 8 and could signi fi cantly reduce patients ’ life expectancy 9 .”
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“…has been widely documented that individuals living with psychotic-spectrum disorders have high mortality rates [8,9], and patients with severe mental health disorders, such as psychosis, have a life expectancy that is 10 to 25 years lower than age-matched peers in the general population [8,10-16].”
Dobre, D., Schwan, R., Jansen, C., Schwitzer, T., Martin, O., Ligier, F., Rolland, B., Abdel-Ahad, P., Capdevielle, D., Corruble, E., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001537 · Cited by 6
“compared to the general population (Laursen et al., 2014).”
Christiansen, S. L., Andersen, J. D., Themudo, G. E., HERTZ, C. L., Busch, J. R., Christensen, M. R., Olsen, K. B., Banner, J., & Morling, N. (2021) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02595-y · Cited by 5
“, poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking) and not strongly associated with genetic factors [2, 9, 10].”
BackgroundPsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
Catrambone, V., & Valenza, G. (2021) · Functional Brain-Heart Interplay · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79934-2_5 · Cited by 4
Rare schizophrenia risk variant burden is conserved in diverse human populationsPreprint
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“Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe, chronic psychiatric illness associated with lifelong progression and early mortality 2-4 .”
BackgroundDijkstra, L., Weiss, H. A., Birhane, R., Medhin, G., Silva, M. J. D., Hanlon, C., Fekadu, A., & Asher, L. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06651-4 · Cited by 4
“These conditions are associated with high levels of disability and poverty, premature mortality, and human rights abuses [3, 4].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Laursen, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 425-448
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W2167532647
- Cited by
- 913
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 16
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2014-1724, R155-2012-11280)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, excess mortality, life expectancy, mortality gap, modifiable risk factors, antipsychotic adverse effects, somatic comorbidity, lifestyle factors, mortality prevention
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Alcohol Drinking, Humans, Life Expectancy, Life Style, Mortality, Obesity, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Smoking, Suicide, Antipsychotic Agents, Comorbidity, Metabolic Syndrome, Health Status Disparities
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