The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 39 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 24 Supported · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 10 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports stress exposure on postnatal days 28–42 and increased risk-taking and novelty seeking, alongside decreased anxiety-like behavior, on days 45–51. The Discussion describes the resulting behaviors as an exacerbation of independence-building behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Introspective awareness of one's performance on a perceptual task also improves across adolescence, following a trajectory similar to mentalizing (Weil et al. 2013).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Weil et al. 2013 source
The Discussion reports that metacognitive ability—awareness of one’s own task performance—improves across adolescence. It also says that previous mentalising studies found a similar improvement, while noting that this study did not include a mentalising task. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although much evidence for adolescence as a sensitive period for social processing comes from rodent studies, there is evidence that socioenvironmental conditions experienced during human adolescence can impact attitudes toward health and reproduction in young adulthood (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structural Model) link harsh and unpredictable adolescent environments to life-history strategy in young adulthood. But the young-adult measures described in Results (Measurement Model) are health, sexual behavior, and contraception use—not attitudes toward health or reproduction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although this idea remains contentious, there exists a network of brain regions consistently involved in social cognitive processes (Adolphs 2009, Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Adolphs 2009 source
In “Perceiving Social Stimuli” (page not supplied), Adolphs describes a set of brain structures involved in social behavior and a scheme linking multiple regions in social information processing. “Evaluating Social Stimuli” (page not supplied) also describes regions routinely activated during relevant emotional and social processes. The paper treats specialization of these regions as an open question, consistent with the citing sentence’s caveat. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Section 1, “The social brain” (page not provided), identifies several brain regions involved in social cognition and says imaging evidence has supported the proposed social brain. It also reports that medial prefrontal regions have been consistently implicated in mental-state tasks, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of a network. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports that peri-pubertal stress on postnatal days 28–42 decreased anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence, on days 45–51. The Discussion likewise states that stress reduced anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male and female rats. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) concludes that peri-pubertal stress increases novelty seeking and risk taking in adolescent rats and suggests that it exacerbates independence-building behavior. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and many other animal studies (reviewed in Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011) show that stress exposure during adolescence has a significant impact on the adult.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that earlier studies investigated the long-term effects of peri-adolescent stress on adult behavior, endocrine responses, and brain measures. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim about effects in adulthood, although this paper’s own experiment measured outcomes in late adolescence rather than adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study correlated longitudinal changes in ventral striatal activity with decreasing susceptibility (i.e., increasing resistance) to peer influence”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pfeifer et al. 2011 source
The Results section, under “Longitudinal Relationships between Brain and Behavior,” reports that increases in ventral striatal activity over time were positively correlated with increases in resistance to peer influence over time. That directly supports the citing sentence’s description of decreasing susceptibility to peer influence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some studies, higher activity in more posterior regions, such as the pSTS/TPJ (Blakemore et al. 2007), and in the ATC (Burnett et al. 2009), was observed in adults as compared to adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al. 2007 source
The Functional imaging results report higher right STS activity for intentional versus physical causality in adults than in adolescents. The Discussion describes this as a shift toward posterior STS activity with age. The ATC portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different paper and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Burnett et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Histological studies of postmortem human brain tissue support the idea that the prefrontal cortex continues to undergo synaptic pruning across adolescence (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997, Petanjek et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Petanjek et al. 2011 source
The Results (p. 1) describe measuring dendritic spine density in postmortem human prefrontal tissue using the rapid Golgi method. The Discussion (p. 4) concludes that elimination of dendritic spines extends into the third decade of life, supporting pruning across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saxe & Kanwisher 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Saxe et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, dmPFC is activated in multiple conditions: when inferring the mental states of others, when reflecting on knowledge of another's traits, and when reflecting on the traits of oneself (Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Frith 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6(b) says that mentalizing, judging another person’s dispositions, and judging one’s own dispositions all elicit MPFC activity. But the paper attributes this three-task pattern to MPFC, not specifically to dorsal MPFC (dmPFC); section 6(c) describes the associated activity as anterior rostral MPFC. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, it is thought that reductions in gray matter volume might reflect synaptic reorganization and/or increases in white matter integrity (Paus et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Paus et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Adolescence = pruning + myelination?” section suggests that reduced synapses could indirectly reduce cortical grey-matter volume and that increased myelination of intra-cortical axons could produce an apparent loss of grey matter. It does not specifically attribute the reduction to increased white-matter integrity, and it cautions that MRI findings cannot be assigned to a single biological process. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adolescents within socially unpredictable environments not only experienced decreased physical and mental health in the short term but also adopted faster life history strategies in young adulthood, such as decreased health, less sexual restrictedness, and less resource-accruing potential (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 source
The Methods > Measures section defines adolescent health using physical and mental health indicators. Results > Structural Model reports that greater environmental unpredictability was associated with poorer adolescent health and a faster life history strategy in young adulthood; Results > Overview of Findings identifies health, sexual restrictedness, and resource-accruing potential as components of that young-adult strategy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A combination of lesion, nonhuman primate, and fMRI studies has prompted researchers to theorize the involvement of the ATC in applying social knowledge (Olson et al. 2013) and processing social scripts (Frith 2007, Frith & Frith 2003).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olson et al. 2013 source
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Frith (2007) is cited for the social-scripts part of the sentence. In §3(a), “Social scripts,” the paper links the temporal poles to knowledge of social situations and its use in current situations; §7(b) says scripts for different circumstances are instantiated there. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith 2003 source
The Frith & Frith citation is attached to the claim about processing social scripts, not the separate claim about applying social knowledge. In the “Temporal pole” section, the authors tentatively propose that the temporal poles, especially on the left, retrieve scripts used to interpret and predict behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although recruitment of the dmPFC and ATC appeared to be related to self-reported trait empathy, only the anterior insula showed a positive correlation with prosocial behavior.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Masten et al. 2010 source
The Neuroimaging Results report positive correlations between self-reported trait empathy and activity in the DMPFC and temporal pole (an anterior temporal region) during observed exclusion relative to inclusion. In the same section, anterior insula activity positively correlated with prosocial ratings of participants’ emails; the other reported correlations with those ratings were negative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Silvers et al. 2012 source
Study 2’s Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that rejection sensitivity and the social content of emotional stimuli affected regulation success, especially early in adolescence. The General Discussion likewise identifies both factors as affecting younger adolescents; the paper studied participants aged 10–22. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Perceived threats and crime expectations in the environment, but not actual experience with violence, correlated with mortality judgments (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that perceived threat and crime expectations correlated with mortality judgments in the UCSF study, while reports of violent events did not correlate significantly. But it also reports that all four threat measures correlated significantly with mortality judgments in NLSY97, so the claim's unqualified statement about actual experience with violence does not hold across both studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Developmental fMRI studies suggest that distinct neural systems develop at different rates across childhood and adolescence and that these age-related changes in regions involved in feedback processing may underlie behavioral differences in flexible performance adjustment (Crone et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crone et al. 2008 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to adults, adolescents showed greater risk-adverse behavior after receiving expert advice, and this effect is modulated by increased engagement of the dorsolateral PFC by adolescents during valuation in the presence of advice (Engelmann et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 4
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Engelmann et al. 2012 source
The section on the differential influence of expert advice reports significantly greater risk-averse behavior in both adolescent groups relative to adults when advice was present. The Discussion reports that advice modulated adolescent DLPFC activity during valuation, strengthening its correlation with parameters reflecting safe choices. The paper does not establish that overall DLPFC activity increased, but its reported valuation-specific effect supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent report suggested that adolescents perceive their risk of dying soon as higher than it actually is (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 source
The Abstract Results state that adolescents in both samples greatly overestimated their chance of dying. The Discussion specifies that their estimates for dying in the next year exceeded the statistical death rate, directly supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
In the paper
“Gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medial Brodmann area 10 (a proxy for dmPFC), TPJ, and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties, whereas the ATC increased in gray matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills et al. 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Structural MRI studies have consistently shown continuing neuroanatomical development in gray matter and white matter (Brain Dev.Coop.Group 2012, Giedd et al. 1999, Sowell et al. 2003, Tamnes et al. 2013), with association cortices reducing in gray matter volume across adolescence and white matter increasing into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently report the involvement of the pSTS in the perception of biological motion and eye gaze (Puce & Perrett 2003) and in grasping the intentionality and appropriateness of biological motion (Pelphrey et al. 2004).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, male rats exposed to chronic social instability stress during adolescence were, in adulthood, more anxious and less socially interactive (Green et al. 2012)”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although accuracy improved until mid-adolescence in both conditions, accuracy in the director condition continued to improve after mid-adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dumontheil et al. 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that the desire to be accepted by one's peers, and avoidance of social rejection, is particularly acute in adolescence and might drive adolescent behavior (Figure 1).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentalizing (theory of mind), the process of mental state attribution, has been associated with a network of brain regions including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and anterior temporal cortex (ATC) (Figure 3).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Exposure to social isolation during adolescence increases the likelihood of depressive-like behaviors as well as alterations in the structure of the prefrontal cortex (Leussis & Andersen 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leussis & Andersen 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the consequences of social exclusion can be so great that mechanisms and behaviors promoting peer acceptance are considered adaptive.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
In the paper
“In one study, recruitment of the mPFC during exclusion relative to inclusion was associated with greater selfreported susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents but not in adults (Sebastian et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Older adolescents and emerging adults were more likely to reciprocate when the first player stood to lose more money, whereas the younger adolescents did not differentiate, supporting the idea that the ability to understand the intentions of others increases into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest the vlPFC plays a role in regulating distress following social exclusion and that this region is still developing functionally between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both adults and adolescents recruited the dmPFC when the social cues were needed to accurately perform the task, adolescents also recruited the dmPFC when social cues were not needed.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumontheil et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“showed greater recruitment in the dmPFC when making self-oriented choices (defecting), but only young adolescents engaged this region when making reciprocal choices.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex during face-processing tasks increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood (reviewed in Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Understanding the mental states of others by processing facial expressions is a crucial skill and is one that continues to develop across adolescence (McGivern et al. 2002).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This heightened activation in the dmPFC for reciprocal choices decreased between early and late adolescence and remained stable into early adulthood, possibly reflecting a shift away from engaging in social interactions from an egocentric perspective (van den Bos et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes in functional recruitment have been hypothesized to reflect changes in neurocognitive strategy and/or neuroanatomy (Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The recruitment of the left TPJ when participants were shown that the first player trusted them increased with age, and this level of activation correlated with participants' sensitivity to the first player's intentions.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, peers had no impact on risk taking in adults and had an intermediate effect on risk taking in youths (Gardner & Steinberg 2005) (see Figure 4).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents (13 to 16 years), young adults (18 to 22 years), and adults (24+ years) took around the same number of driving risks when alone, whereas the adolescents took significantly more in the presence of their friends (Gardner & Steinberg 2005).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults can have a large impact on the social cognitive development and life course trajectories of adolescents by creating and maintaining the structures of social environments.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents show adult levels of probability estimation and reward evaluation during one such gambling task, suggesting that heightened risky decision making in adolescents is probably not related to a change in risk perception (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty years ago, Terrie Moffitt presented evidence supporting the idea that the majority of adolescents who engage in criminal behavior will do so during adolescence and at no other period of their life (Moffitt 1993).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moffitt 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They pointed out the potential for neuroscience research to perpetuate stereotypes or combat stereotypes, depending on how adults incorporate research in their understanding of adolescence (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet the adolescent brain is malleable and adaptable-this is an excellent opportunity for learning and creativity.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental improvements in executive functions likely influence-and are influenced by-social cognitive processing during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents also rate the potential reward to be gained as very high, which may make the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived risk (Reyna & Farley 2006).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna & Farley 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The participating adolescents in this study felt that although research on the adolescent brain is necessary and important, the model of the adolescent brain as an explanation for adolescent behavior is insufficient (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Acculturation, or adaptation to the mainstream culture of where one has immigrated, occurs more rapidly at younger ages (1 to 15 years) (Cheung et al. 2011), suggesting that the sensitive period for cultural learning is not adolescent specific but instead that cultural sensitivity may begin to close during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY Is the Human Brain Particularly Sensitive to Social Signals During Adolescence?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cheung et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cognitive abilities such as processing speed, voluntary response suppression, delay discounting, future planning, and working memory all mature into adolescence (Luna et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on brain development suggests that adolescence might represent a period of relatively high neural plasticity, in particular in brain regions involved in executive function and social cognition.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a period of brain development during which environmental experiencesincluding teaching-can and do profoundly shape the developing brain.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, participants were less interested in how neuroscience could influence how they understand themselves and more interested in how research on the adolescent brain could influence the perspectives of adults (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence might represent a period of enhanced sensitivity to social signals in the environment, and these signals might influence an adolescent's life course trajectory by motivating certain behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are sensitive to the signals within their social environment, and these signals can impact how likely they are to invest in the future.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of the brain involved in understanding the mental states of others continue to develop structurally and functionally across adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the discussion on culpability and the brain is ongoing, evidence from multiple fields supports the need for special consideration in prosecuting and punishing adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both young adolescents (12 to 14 years) and older adolescents (16 to 18 years) showed heart rate slowing after erring on a task-switching task, which might indicate an increasing ability to monitor performance (Crone et al. 2006a).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crone et al. 2006a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to consider future consequences of actions continues to improve across adolescence (Crone & van der Molen 2004), which might impact how adolescents interact in social situations.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
“Although the study involved rodents, the impact of social isolation on adolescent health and life trajectories likely applies to humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During adolescence, the acceptation by peers becomes an important purpose in everyday life and guides decision-making [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The sensitivity to rewards together with increased value of social cues creates a perfect situation for learning new skills that are important to function in a social context [53, 55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research has demonstrated that each life stage exhibits its own unique trajectories, goals, and influences19,45–47, and activities can therefore differ from being of no impact, to being adaptive or maladaptive depending on which developmental period one examines46,48.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescence, combined with increased concern about social rejection, increases the likelihood that adolescents will conform to their peers in order to gain social acceptance and avoid the social risk of being excluded by their peer group. 141-143”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In articulating their perceptions of well-being, participants' views showed hallmarks of normal adolescent development such as a reliance on peer relationships and adult role models, 15,16 and a heightened sensitivity to criticism. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is marked by strong reward sensitivity, new social goals, and developing self-control (45-50).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, self-awareness increases during adolescence [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that substantial biological changes in the social brain make adolescence a sensitive period for social development19, self-perception, and social interaction20.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterised by substantial biological, psychological and social change, including heightened sensitivity to peer relationships, identity development, reward processing and social evaluation [31, 32].”
From The Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Social Media: Perspectives From Young Adolescents, Parents and Experts (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of heightened neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial change, characterized by asynchronous brain development, identity formation, and shifting social orientation. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Virus containment measures may have more adverse effects on adolescents as an age group than on adults or children because many of the key tasks of adolescent development are achieved through interactions with others (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; La Greca and Prinstein, 1999; Papini et al., 1990).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“This research indicates that adolescents’ social lives both leading up to and during adolescence relate to the sensitivity of the brain when perceiving, processing, and responding to social information (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166214 · Cited by 2,727
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328
People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ross WD, 1925, Ethica Nicomachea.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 2,276
Be(com)ing social: Daily-life social interactions and parental bondingPreprint
Achterhof, R., Schneider, M., Kirtley, O. J., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xwkdq · Cited by 7
Psychosocial Adjustment During Adolescence: The Role of Individual Differences
Favini, A., Lunetti, C., Tommaselli, M. C., & Quarto, T. (2025) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia5040166 · Cited by 11
“…and socio-cognitive approaches (e.g., [5]), individuals, as adolescents, do not passively change in their lives; instead, they can actively model and influence them, contributing to restructuring identity and socio-relational aspects in response to environmental and situational demands [6].”
Shen, C., Girela-Serrano, B. M., Di Simplicio, M., Spiers, A., Dumontheil, I., Thomas, M. S. C., Röösli, M., Elliott, P., Smith, R. B., & Toledano, M. B. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04667-5 · Cited by 6
“Together with the continued maturation of cognitive skills, this allows adolescents to become independent at navigating social contexts and contributes to the development of self-identity and regulation abilities that lead into adulthood [9].”
What makes a ‘good man’? A mixed-methods exploration of UK adolescent attitudes towards masculinity
McNulty, A., & Birney, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2023.2170337 · Cited by 6
“Between the ages of 13 and 17 years old, the influence of friends on the self-worth of adolescents peaks (O’Brien & Bierman, 1988), helping explain young people’s hypersensitivity to any potential for social exclusion (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundAljohani, N., Donetto, S., Due‐Christensen, M., & Forbes, A. (2024) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/2024/1773726 · Cited by 8
“Socio-cultural expectations are also relevant to the transition experiences of young people, as different social norms govern de fi nitions of adulthood in terms of age, roles and responsibilities [5].”
Sotardi, V. A. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584241291165 · Cited by 8
Social media are many things: Addressing the components and patterns of adolescent social media use
Maheux, A. J., Maes, C., Burnell, K., Bauer, D. J., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15326 · Cited by 7
“13 Duringpuberty,adolescents’bodies and brains transform, resulting in heightened self-consciousness and burgeoning cognitive control abilities.”
The Mental Health of Refugee and Migrant Youth after Settlement: Outcomes of a Multinational Study
Lerias, D., Ziaian, T., Arthur, N. M., Augoustinos, M., Pir, T., & Miller, E. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01474-9 · Cited by 6
“…identity indicated difficulties with identity formation, which for immi - grant youth was associated with both their development and their acculturation, and further indicated difficulties engag - ing with both heritage and settlement cultures (Berry et al., 2006 ; Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Kim, J. A., Choi, J. I., Lee, S. J., & Jeong, E. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1539162 · Cited by 8
Frazier, T., Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Negi, L. T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328519 · Cited by 11
Lee, S. J., Na, Y., & Lee, K. W. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162652 · Cited by 12
“Adolescence presents a critical period characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and social development, during which lifestyle habits established can have a lasting impact on long-term health outcomes [1,2].”
Ojha, A., Foran, W., Calabro, F. J., Sydnor, V. J., Petrie, D. J., Parr, A. C., Famalette, A., Phang, N., Sista, A., Sorrells, S. F., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116265 · Cited by 7
“30,44 Given striking changes in adolescents’ socio-affective sensitivity, experiences, and processing, 69,70 we hypothesize protracted functional integration of the “social” SFA with brain structures, such as anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions, that are involved in multimodal integration of…”
Examining Resiliency in Adolescent Refugees Through the Tree of Life Activity
Stark, M. D., Quinn, B. P., Hennessey, K. A., Rutledge, A. A., Hunter, A. K., & Gordillo, P. K. (2019) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2019.692 · Cited by 6
“Finally, adolescents have stronger social cognitive skills than younger children (e.g., perspective-taking), but these skills are not yet at adult levels of competency (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Resilience in Adolescence, Disability, and Gender
Bizuneh, S. M. (2021) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373211040644 · Cited by 10
Meca, A., Peraza, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Hale, W. J., Pettit, J. W., Musser, E. D., Salo, T., Flannery, J. S., Bottenhorn, K. L., Dick, A. S., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.02.005 · Cited by 9
“This signi fi cant neurodevelopmental period (21,22) is marked by changes in self-referential cognition (23) that are accompanied by maturational shifts in brain structure and function that occur as a result of experiences in one ’ s social environment (24,25).”
BackgroundEmpathy and cooperation vary with gender in Chinese junior high school adolescents
Wu, Q., Bu, W., Lin, D., Cui, L., Wu, A., Zou, H., & Gu, C. (2023) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.705 · Cited by 9
“Adolescence is a sensitive period that involves increased complexity regarding social relationships and environments (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and social interactions play a crucial role in adolescents ’ socialization processes.”
BackgroundConnecting adolescent friendships to physical health outcomes: A narrative review
Ehrhardt, A. D., & Schacter, H. L. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12726 · Cited by 8
Kuan, C., Liu, Q., Xu, G., Zhou, H., Nie, J.-H., & Yan, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337847 · Cited by 8
“During adolescence, defects in experiencing pleasure, particularly from social interactions, might produce more negative effects on psychosocial development and functioning (20, 21) as sensitivity to social and cultural signals increases during this key period (22).”
BackgroundSegundo, V. H. D. O., de Azevedo, K. P. M., de Medeiros, G. C. B. S., Mata, Á. N. D. S., & Piuvezam, G. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299024 · Cited by 8
“In the central nervous system, this development plays a role in the way in which knowledge, skills, learning and other cognitive aspects will be incorporated into them [2,3].”
BackgroundZhang, Z. Z., Peckins, M. K., Beal, S. J., Schnabel, D. J. D., Shenk, C. E., & Dorn, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.03.010 · Cited by 7
Harrewijn, A., Mulder, R. H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Wieser, M. J., & Jansen, P. W. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12254 · Cited by 7
“…experience that challenges our sense of belonging and social connectedness (Hartgerink et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2000), especially in adolescence (Gunther Moor et al., 2010) when peer interactions become increasingly important (Andrews et al., 2021; Blakemore, 2018; Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Yang, X., Hilliard, K., Gotlieb, R. J. M., & Immordino‐Yang, M. H. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12993 · Cited by 7
Thompson, K. N., Oginni, O. A., Wertz, J., Danese, A., Okundi, M., Arseneault, L., & Matthews, T. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02573-w · Cited by 7
“As children grow up, relationships become intricate and demanding, and peer interactions are vital to development [3].”
Tintori, A., Ciancimino, G., & Cerbara, L. (2025) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc15020025 · Cited by 10
The experiences of adolescents who stutter: a scoping review
Alharbi, E., Hewat, S., Walters, J., & Unicomb, R. (2025) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2024.2429899 · Cited by 7
“The period of adolescence is defined as a time of biological and social transformation (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), whereby adolescents undergo rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial changes, which, in turn, affect their feelings, thinking, decision-making and interaction with people around them…”
Social and non-social risk-taking in adolescence
Wang, W., Evans, K., & Schweizer, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90050-y · Cited by 10
Supporting Autonomy Development in Teens with ADHD: How Professionals Can Help
Sibley, M. H. (2017) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2017.25.1.1 · Cited by 6
Charalampous, K., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2017) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2017.1347492 · Cited by 6
van Hoorn, J., McCormick, E. M., Perino, M. T., Rogers, C. R., & Telzer, E. H. (2020) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12546 · Cited by 8
“The role of the dmPFC may differ in part based on task demands and has been associated with the cognitive component of risk (Van Duijvenvoorde et al., 2015), as well as social information processing (e.g., Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundThe effect of adaptation theory‐based therapeutic approach on adolescents anger management
Doğan, S., & Çam, O. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12268 · Cited by 8
The hamster wheel: a case study on embodied narrative identity and overcoming severe obesity
Natvik, E., Råheim, M., & Sviland, R. (2021) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-021-10002-x · Cited by 8
“This is when she joined a weight loss 8 Adolescence is the period starting in puberty (biological and physiological changes) and ending with various forms of social adjustment, with relative self-sufficiency or reaching towards a stable adult role in society (Blakemore and Mills 2014).”
Backgroundvan der Laan, S. E. I., de Hoog, M. L. A., Nijhof, S. L., Gehring, U., Vonk, J. M., van der Ent, C. K., & Wijga, A. H. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.074 · Cited by 5
Who Takes Music With Them When They Transition to High School?
Tucker, T. L., & Winsler, A. (2022) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/00224294221121053 · Cited by 7
“Adolescents are enduring physical (Blakemore et al., 2010), cognitive (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and social (Eccles, 2009) changes internally, all while being submitted to environmental and societal changes externally (Eccles & Roeser, 2011; Guest & Schneider, 2003; Langenkamp, 2011).”
BackgroundPeter, F., & Petermann, D. (2021) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666407710.159 · Cited by 7
Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Concerns in School Counseling: Advocating for Students
Meyer, D. D., Sledge, R., Cameron, E., & Manning, D. (2021) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2021.1938334 · Cited by 6
Salem, A. A. G. G., Ferreira, P. C. D. S., Felizardo, D. D. F., Holz, M. R., & Fonseca, R. P. (2022) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2022.2026222 · Cited by 11
“Adolescence is a period during which developmental processes are strongly susceptible to environmental and contextual factors (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundHaartsen, R., Mason, L., Garcés, P., Gui, A., Charman, T., Tillmann, J., Johnson, M. H., Buitelaar, J. K., Loth, E., Murphy, D., et al. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.010 · Cited by 6
Duan, W., Kong, Y., Chen, Z., & Mu, W. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2099529 · Cited by 8
Morningstar, M. A., Thomas, P., Anderson, A. M., Mattson, W. I., Nahata, L., Leibowitz, S. F., Chen, D., Strang, J. F., & Nelson, E. E. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101194 · Cited by 6
“…Steinberg and Morris, 2001), whereby cues from peers (e.g., emotional expressions, signs of acceptance or rejection) provoke heightened neural and emotional responses in adolescents (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Casey, Jones, et al., 2010; Crone and Dahl, 2012; Guyer et al., 2009; Somerville, 2013).”
BackgroundBasarkod, G., & Marsh, H. W. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0010 · Cited by 9
Adolescent Substance Use Outcomes in Response to Social Consequences of Use: The Role of Empathy
Winters, D. E., Massey, S. H., & Sakai, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/00220426231159303 · Cited by 6
“Because adolescents can have heightened sensitivity to the social environment (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), this increase may be due to the support received during treatment that when removed post-treatment saw a slight average drop.”
BackgroundYoung Adolescents’ Perspectives on Peers’ Social and Emotional Competence
Bishop, P. A. (2023) · RMLE Online · doi:10.1080/19404476.2023.2236347 · Cited by 14
“Main and Whatman (2016) described early adolescence as the “second, albeit small, window of opportunity to make substantial gains through social skilling programmes” (p. 1063), due to the heightened malleability of the brain at this time (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundLook me in the eyes! A preliminary study on eye‐contact in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Nuding, L., Lukas, L., Platt, B., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Sfärlea, A. (2023) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3016 · Cited by 6
The influence of peer non-suicidal self-harm on young adults’ urges to self-harm: experimental study
Pitman, A., Lowther, M., Pike, A. C., Davies, J., de Cates, A. N., Buckman, J. E. J., & Robinson, O. J. (2023) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.51 · Cited by 6
“Social influences have a greater impact on risk decision-making in adolescence than other age groups, driven by fear of social ostracism (Sebastian et al ., 2009; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Knoll et al ., 2015).”
Safeguarding young users on social media through academic oversight
Montag, C., Schulz, P. J., Marciano, L., Román-Urrestarazu, A., Rumpf, H., & Becker, B. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00311-2 · Cited by 6
Moutawakkil, S. G., El‐Ammari, A., Malki, H. E., Ragala, M. E. A., Rhazi, K. E., & Zarrouq, B. (2024) · Substance Use Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/29768357241272370 · Cited by 6
Lins, S., Poeschl, G., de Lima, T. J. S., et al. (2016) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0013-0 · Cited by 6
“Adolescence is a transition period usually characterized by significant changes in the development of various aspects related with life in society (Blakemore and Mills 2014).”
BackgroundBeer, J. C., Smith, A. R., Jarcho, J. M., Chen, G., Reynolds, R. C., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2016) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12130 · Cited by 5
Storer, H. L. (2017) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109917704935 · Cited by 6
“Although there is no universal definition of adolescence, generally speaking, it can be understood to be a critical period of socioemotional development between childhood and adulthood and is inclusive of teens aged 10–19 (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Brenhouse & Andersen, 2011).”
BackgroundSocial seeking declines in young adolescents
Dubey, I., Ropar, D., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.170029 · Cited by 5
“The beginning of several biological changes makes adolescence a sensitive period in social development [15].”
BackgroundPolillo, A., Sylvestre, J. C., Kerman, N., Lee, C. M., Aubry, T., & Czechowski, K. (2018) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796126.2018.1470438 · Cited by 6
“…exposure to stressful social environments during adolescence can have profound and long-lasting impacts on social-cognitive processes, reflected in structural changes in the brain and evident in mental health problems such as depressive symptoms and addictive behaviours (Blakemore and Mills 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialFägerstad, A., Lundgren, J., Arnrup, K., & Carlson, E. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2019.1678971 · Cited by 7
“Further, the opinions of peers becomemore important than opinions from the family (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundAssociations of childhood and adult adversity with daily experiences in adulthood
Nayman, S., Jones, E. J., Smyth, J. M., & Schreier, H. M. C. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3090 · Cited by 6
Testimony bias lingers across development under uncertainty.
Plate, R. C., Shutts, K., Cochrane, A., Green, C. S., & Pollak, S. D. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001253 · Cited by 6
Korzycka, M., Bójko, M., Radiukiewicz, K., Dzielska, A., Oblacińska, A., & Fijałkowska, A. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212503si.d-21-00026 · Cited by 6
Adolescents’ implicit attitudes towards people with immigrant background: Differences and correlates
König, S., Stang‐Rabrig, J., & McElvany, N. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09722-6 · Cited by 8
Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to Learn
Wentzel, K. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0063 · Cited by 9
Asymmetric developmental change regarding the effect of reward and punishment on response inhibition
Miyasaka, M., & Nomura, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49037-9 · Cited by 6
“Relatedly, Blakemore and Mills (2014) suggested the importance of social context in studies on adolescents.”
BackgroundKONCEPTUALNI PRISTUPI POZITIVNOM RAZVOJU ADOLESCENATA
Novak, M., Ferić, M., & Kranželić, V. (2019) · Annual of Social Work · doi:10.3935/ljsr.v26i2.294 · Cited by 7
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Mechanisms of social influence : reputation management in typical and autistic individuals
Cage, E. (2015) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 6
Longitudinal structural and functional brain development in childhood and adolescencePreprint
Mills, K. L., & Tamnes, C. K. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/87kft · Cited by 5
Self-citationMagis‐Weinberg, L., Gys, C. L., Berger, E., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/mv8rw · Cited by 6
Barry, K. R., & Bick, J. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00073-7 · Cited by 7
O’Flaherty, M. J., King, T. L., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2023) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soad127 · Cited by 5
Schacter, H. L., Bakth, F. N., Johnson, J., & Hoffman, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.13012 · Cited by 6
Tao, T., Guo, W., & Wang, B. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14110999 · Cited by 5
“The second was age; although its relation to social mindfulness is debated [17,18,22,24,25,37,61], it is particularly important during adolescence, a period of rapid social cognitive development [62–65].”
Trait vulnerabilities and stressful life events: implications for youth suicide risk
Gay, M. (2024) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2024.2446331 · Cited by 5
“During this period, individuals are more susceptible to internalizing adverse experiences into rigid, self-defeating narratives (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Influential“An expected part of being trans”: The experienced and anticipated stigma of trans adolescents
Hill, J. H. L., Perry, Y., Lin, A. P., & Ohan, J. L. (2025) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/15532739.2025.2463598 · Cited by 6
Gregorini, C., Marino, C., Giardina, A., Billieux, J., Bottesi, G., Sacchi, C., Pivetta, E., Vieno, A., & Canale, N. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152613 · Cited by 5
Braet, J., Debra, G., & Giletta, M. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104807 · Cited by 6
Telzer, E. H., Escalante, E. S., Jack, D. B., & Tsai, R. Y.-H. (2025) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-111323-092159 · Cited by 5
A social ecological approach to social contagion of self-harm among young people
Wen, X., Sun, S., Lin, D., Yue, W., & Chen, R. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00495-1 · Cited by 8
“…social distance 44,45 (socioaffective pain) has been associated with a dual neurobiological pathway: hyperreactivity in emotional salience brain networks (including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula) and delayed maturation of prefrontal regulatory circuits 46–48 .”
van de Groep, S., van de Groep, I. H., & Crone, E. A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100877 · Cited by 8
Lacko, D., Kyslík, F., Šmahel, D., & Macháčková, H. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108752 · Cited by 9
It's right, but risky too: Inclusive behavior as a positive risk in adolescence
May, N. G., Ballard, S. C., & Siperstein, G. N. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.03.004 · Cited by 9
Dad Jokes and the Deep Roots of Fatherly Teasing
Hye‐Knudsen, M. (2021) · Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture · doi:10.26613/esic.5.2.248 · Cited by 5
Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System
Kaplan, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0073 · Cited by 6
Liu, W., Hu, Z., Liu, Z., Zhang, F., Ding, Y., Shui, Y., Yang, Z., & Cheng, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129123 · Cited by 8
“However, as a transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, the social needs of adolescents change rapidly with age, such that adolescents of different ages respond differently to social and environmental stressors (30).”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Wei, Y., Yang, Y., & Kong, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1259909 · Cited by 5
Gender differences in Russian adolescent mental health from 1999 to 2021
Privodnova, E. Y., Semenova, N. B., Kornienko, O. S., Варшал, А. В., & Slobodskaya, H. R. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12911 · Cited by 5
Vergara-Lopez, C., Scalco, M., Gaffey, A., Reid, B. M., Bublitz, M., Lee, S. Y., Gomez, A., Mercado, N., & Stroud, L. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10492-y · Cited by 4
“Past evidence suggests that this shift is especially pronounced for girls and is accompanied by heightened emotional reactivity to social rejection (Beeri & Lev-Wiesel, 2012; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Cyranowski et al., 2000).”
Dacka, M. (2024) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2024.0011 · Cited by 6
Conley, M. I., Dinc, E. N., Xiang, Z., & Baskin-sommers, A. R. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14138 · Cited by 7
“These dynamic hormonal and neurobiological changes are thought to contribute to an increase in youth's sensitivity to their broader social environments as they enter adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundLorenz, C., & Ferdinand, N. K. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02072-w · Cited by 8
“This aligns with established views that emphasize adolescence as a sensitive developmental phase for social cognitive processing (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012).”
Delivering project SCORE in competitive youth sport settings
Ferreira, M., Santos, F., Villarino, M. Á. F., Mergler, J., Strachan, L., & MacDonald, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1439822 · Cited by 5
“Potential participants could participate based on the following criteria: (a) they were involved in a local competitive youth sport organization; (b) youth sport participants were between 10 and 17 years old (29); and (c) coaches were interested in using sport as a context for PYD.”
BackgroundInfluentialAge-at-migration, ethnicity and psychosis risk: Findings from the EU-GEI case-control study
Andleeb, H., Moltrecht, B., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Arango, C., Arrojo, M., D’Andrea, G., Bernardo, M., Del-Ben, C. M., de Haan, L., Ferraro, L., et al. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000134 · Cited by 5
Proximity within adolescent peer networks predicts neural similarity during affective experience
Feldman, M. J., Capella, J., Dai, J., Bonar, A. S., Field, N. H., Lewis, K., Prinstein, M. J., Telzer, E. H., & Lindquist, K. A. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae072 · Cited by 7
Wallman-Jones, A., Eigensatz, M., Rubeli, B., Schmidt, M., & Benzing, V. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2428194 · Cited by 8
“Considering that adolescence represents a significantly vulnerable period of development as a time marked by substantial psychological and physiological change (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Bolognini et al., 1996), evidence-based interventions to improve self-esteem are key.”
Mousavi, S. M., Salehi, H., & Iwatsuki, T. (2025) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2025.103357 · Cited by 8
Deshpande, A. N., Patel, K. S., Jain, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry · doi:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_333_20 · Cited by 5
Behavioural regulation difficulties at primary and secondary school: risk and protection factors
Balart, I., Sadurní, M., & Burriel, M. P. (2021) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2021.1943176 · Cited by 5
“…induce the adolescent to reflect on his or her own behaviour and its consequences, and impel him or her to graduate and delay impulsive behaviour as well as to negotiate possible alternatives that are more acceptable and in accordance with social demands (Blakemore and Mills 2014; Burunat 2004) .”
BackgroundWheatley, C., Wassenaar, T. M., Beale, N., Salvan, P., Dawes, H., Davies, E., & Johansen‐Berg, H. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12582 · Cited by 5
“…has a stronger relationshipwith change in behaviour than do changingnorms or PBC measures during this period of rapid psychosocial development (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and that similarity to inactive images was also related to change in days per week of activity, although this relationship…”
BackgroundEffects of daily peer problems on sleep and the severity of pediatric asthma symptoms.
Schacter, H. L., Slatcher, R. B., Rodriguez-Stanley, J., Houpt, R., & Zilioli, S. (2022) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001177 · Cited by 5
Subjective Experience of Antidepressant Prescription Among Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Ludot, M., David, V., Carretier, É., Lachal, J., Moro, M. R., & Blanchet, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.770903 · Cited by 5
“Sampling and Participants Two child psychiatrists, ML and VD, conducted this qualitative research with adolescents aged 12 to 25 years, based on the definition of adolescence as the period from the onset of puberty to full independence (28).”
MethodInfatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational Phenomenon
Kaplan, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0067 · Cited by 5
Dewhirst, M., Hammond, M. D., & Salmon, K. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12152 · Cited by 5
Hirshberg, M. J., Colaianne, B. A., Inkelas, K. K., Oke, G., Doren, N. V., Davidson, R. J., & Roeser, R. W. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2180989 · Cited by 5
“8,9 Navigating new social relationships independently from parents or caregivers while developing a healthy identity within immediate and larger social spheres are important developmental milestones during this period.”
Value-based neural representations predict social decision preferences
Moreira, J. F. G., Leal, A. S. M., Waizman, Y. H., Tashjian, S. M., Galván, A., & Silvers, J. A. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad144 · Cited by 8
MacNeil, S., Renaud, J., & Gouin, J. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12967 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-207
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2103167256
- Cited by
- 2,264
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 243 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, sensitive period, social cognition, social brain, brain development, social environment, social reward, executive function, social sensitivity, adolescent behavior, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Executive Function
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